{
 "about": "What Massachusetts law lets a town do about health insurance, what each option costs somebody, and what every municipality in the Commonwealth has spent since FY2002.",
 "achievable": [
  {
   "of": 343,
   "share": 19.2,
   "threshold": 2.5,
   "towns": 66
  },
  {
   "of": 343,
   "share": 45.2,
   "threshold": 4.0,
   "towns": 155
  },
  {
   "of": 343,
   "share": 64.7,
   "threshold": 5.0,
   "towns": 222
  },
  {
   "of": 343,
   "share": 81.9,
   "threshold": 6.0,
   "towns": 281
  }
 ],
 "by_funding": {
  "basis": "Whether the town reports a health TRUST FUND on Schedule A Part 6: a trust means it pays claims itself (self-insured), no trust means it buys premiums (fully insured). The report’s own Y/N flag is not used — it prints N for towns with millions in trust spending.",
  "not_available": "Which POOL a town buys through — MIIA, a regional joint purchase group, the GIC, a carrier direct — is recorded in no state dataset, so nothing here is a comparison of carriers.",
  "town_is": "fully insured",
  "types": [
   {
    "funding": "fully insured",
    "has_town": true,
    "median": 4.11,
    "quartile_high": 5.45,
    "quartile_low": 2.8,
    "towns": 259,
    "under_4": 123,
    "under_4_share": 47.5
   },
   {
    "funding": "self-insured",
    "has_town": false,
    "median": 4.86,
    "quartile_high": 5.79,
    "quartile_low": 4.12,
    "towns": 51,
    "under_4": 12,
    "under_4_share": 23.5
   },
   {
    "funding": "changed in the window",
    "has_town": false,
    "median": 3.93,
    "quartile_high": 5.12,
    "quartile_low": 0.35,
    "towns": 33,
    "under_4": 20,
    "under_4_share": 60.6
   }
  ]
 },
 "can": [
  "plan-design",
  "join-gic-agreement",
  "join-gic-unilateral",
  "medicare-transfer",
  "opt-out",
  "self-insure",
  "raise-town-share"
 ],
 "cannot": [
  "cut-town-share",
  "change-split-by-vote",
  "stop-offering",
  "drop-retirees"
 ],
 "comparison_caveat": "DLS prints two warnings on this report and both bite. For a SELF-INSURED town the figure includes the employee share, and a town accounting through a trust may have workers’ compensation and OPEB inside it — and nothing in the file says which town is which. So the LEVEL is not comparable across towns; the GROWTH is, because whatever a town’s figure contains it contains in both years. Lunenburg is fully insured through the MIIA joint purchase group, so its figure is the town’s premium share alone.",
 "generated_by": "scripts/build_health_options.py",
 "grain": "LAW as the statute states it, linked section by section; DOLLARS as each town filed them on Schedule A. The spending figure is a net appropriation and is not the same quantity in every town — see `comparison_caveat`.",
 "neighbours": [
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    {
     "fy": 2008,
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     "fy": 2009,
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     "fy": 2010,
     "spent": 1848951.0
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    {
     "fy": 2011,
     "spent": 1944615.0
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    {
     "fy": 2012,
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     "fy": 2013,
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     "fy": 2014,
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     "fy": 2015,
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     "fy": 2016,
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     "fy": 2017,
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     "fy": 2018,
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     "fy": 2019,
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     "fy": 2020,
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     "fy": 2021,
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 ],
 "options": [
  {
   "available_to_lunenburg": "yes",
   "effect_on_the_gap": "Lowers the premium the town buys, so it lowers the rate the whole projection compounds",
   "held_by": "The PEC agreement sets the copays and deductibles through 30 June 2029. Whether this process could change them sooner depends on whether Lunenburg ever accepted §§21–23, and no record we hold shows that it did.",
   "held_doc": "/docs/contracts/pdf/pec-agreement-fy27-fy29.pdf",
   "held_until": "2029-06-30",
   "id": "plan-design",
   "note": "Copays may be no greater in dollar amount than the GIC's largest non-Medicare plan (§22). Up to 25% of the first year's savings may be directed back to subscribers (§21(f)) — a ceiling on what a panel may order, not a floor the town owes. Lunenburg has never used this route.",
   "option": "Change copays, deductibles and tiers up to the state plan's level",
   "statute": "M.G.L. c.32B §§21–22",
   "statute_url": "https://malegislature.gov/Laws/GeneralLaws/PartI/TitleIV/Chapter32B/Section21",
   "threshold": "30 days with the Public Employee Committee, then a three-person panel decides in 10 days, binding",
   "who_decides": "Select Board",
   "who_it_lands_on": "Employees and retirees, at the point of care — a copay is paid by whoever is ill"
  },
  {
   "available_to_lunenburg": "yes",
   "effect_on_the_gap": "A different premium, and the town stops choosing plans",
   "held_by": "The PEC agreement has the Town providing MIIA plans through 30 June 2029. Moving to the GIC before then means both sides reopening it.",
   "held_doc": "/docs/contracts/pdf/pec-agreement-fy27-fy29.pdf",
   "held_until": "2029-06-30",
   "id": "join-gic-agreement",
   "note": "Notice by 1 December for 1 July. The often-quoted 70% is the threshold for sending a dispute to arbitration, not for agreeing.",
   "option": "Move everyone into the state's Group Insurance Commission by agreement",
   "statute": "M.G.L. c.32B §19(e)",
   "statute_url": "https://malegislature.gov/Laws/GeneralLaws/PartI/TitleIV/Chapter32B/Section19",
   "threshold": "A majority of the weighted votes — the retiree representative holds 10%",
   "who_decides": "Select Board with the Public Employee Committee",
   "who_it_lands_on": "Everyone insured: the plan menu becomes the state's"
  },
  {
   "available_to_lunenburg": "yes",
   "effect_on_the_gap": "Same as above",
   "held_by": "The PEC agreement has the Town providing MIIA plans through 30 June 2029, and this route needs §§21–23, which no record we hold shows Lunenburg accepted.",
   "held_doc": "/docs/contracts/pdf/pec-agreement-fy27-fy29.pdf",
   "held_until": "2029-06-30",
   "id": "join-gic-unilateral",
   "note": "Locks the town in for 3 years, then whole-year intervals of at least 2. Benefits are then set exclusively by the Commission and are not bargainable, except the contribution split.",
   "option": "Move everyone into the GIC without agreement",
   "statute": "M.G.L. c.32B §23",
   "statute_url": "https://malegislature.gov/Laws/GeneralLaws/PartI/TitleIV/Chapter32B/Section23",
   "threshold": "Must show savings at least 5% greater than plan design alone could reach (§21(d))",
   "who_decides": "Select Board",
   "who_it_lands_on": "Same as above"
  },
  {
   "available_to_lunenburg": "already done in part",
   "effect_on_the_gap": "Medicare becomes the primary payer, so the town's plan pays only what is left",
   "held_by": "",
   "held_doc": "",
   "held_until": "",
   "id": "medicare-transfer",
   "note": "Lunenburg moved a group in 2020 and states it cut the active renewal 2% and reduced OPEB liability by $5–6M — the town's own figures, with no valuation in the archive.",
   "option": "Require Medicare-eligible retirees onto a Medicare plan",
   "statute": "M.G.L. c.32B §18A",
   "statute_url": "https://malegislature.gov/Laws/GeneralLaws/PartI/TitleIV/Chapter32B/Section18A",
   "threshold": "Only where the Medicare plan plus Parts A and B is of comparable actuarial value",
   "who_decides": "Acceptance",
   "who_it_lands_on": "Retirees, who move to a different plan"
  },
  {
   "available_to_lunenburg": "already running",
   "effect_on_the_gap": "Small: the town saves a premium and pays an incentive",
   "held_by": "",
   "held_doc": "",
   "held_until": "",
   "id": "opt-out",
   "note": "Lunenburg's pilot ran from FY24; the Finance Director called the result \"minimal.\" FY27 budgets $14,000 for 10 people.",
   "option": "Pay employees to decline coverage",
   "statute": "M.G.L. c.32B §4",
   "statute_url": "https://malegislature.gov/Laws/GeneralLaws/PartI/TitleIV/Chapter32B/Section4",
   "threshold": "Only for someone already covered by a plan financed without any employer participation",
   "who_decides": "Bargained or employer discretion",
   "who_it_lands_on": "Nobody loses coverage — it is voluntary and reversible"
  },
  {
   "available_to_lunenburg": "yes, but",
   "effect_on_the_gap": "Removes the insurer's margin and adds the town's claims risk",
   "held_by": "",
   "held_doc": "",
   "held_until": "",
   "id": "self-insure",
   "note": "Any deficit in the claims trust \"shall be raised in the next fiscal year's tax rate\" — by operation of law. Requires an annual audit accruing claims incurred but not reported.",
   "option": "Pay claims from a town trust instead of buying premiums",
   "statute": "M.G.L. c.32B §3A",
   "statute_url": "https://malegislature.gov/Laws/GeneralLaws/PartI/TitleIV/Chapter32B/Section3A",
   "threshold": "No state approval needed",
   "who_decides": "Town",
   "who_it_lands_on": "Taxpayers, in a bad year"
  },
  {
   "available_to_lunenburg": "already accepted",
   "effect_on_the_gap": "Raises the town's cost",
   "held_by": "",
   "held_doc": "",
   "held_until": "",
   "id": "raise-town-share",
   "note": "Lunenburg pays 75% for actives. §7A permits more than 50% and has no ceiling — and no route back down.",
   "option": "Pay more than half the premium",
   "statute": "M.G.L. c.32B §7A",
   "statute_url": "https://malegislature.gov/Laws/GeneralLaws/PartI/TitleIV/Chapter32B/Section7A",
   "threshold": "Acceptance vote",
   "who_decides": "Town Meeting or ballot",
   "who_it_lands_on": "Taxpayers"
  },
  {
   "available_to_lunenburg": "no",
   "effect_on_the_gap": "—",
   "held_by": "",
   "held_doc": "",
   "held_until": "",
   "id": "cut-town-share",
   "note": "§7 fixes the town's share at 50% and §7A permits \"more, but not less, than fifty per cent.\" There is no downward route in the statute at all.",
   "option": "Pay less than half the premium",
   "statute": "M.G.L. c.32B §7",
   "statute_url": "https://malegislature.gov/Laws/GeneralLaws/PartI/TitleIV/Chapter32B/Section7",
   "threshold": "Not permitted at any threshold",
   "who_decides": "Nobody",
   "who_it_lands_on": "—"
  },
  {
   "available_to_lunenburg": "no",
   "effect_on_the_gap": "—",
   "held_by": "",
   "held_doc": "",
   "held_until": "",
   "id": "change-split-by-vote",
   "note": "\"The panel shall not impose any change to contribution ratios.\" The 2011 reform moved plan design out of bargaining and left the split at the table. Between 75% and the 50% floor it is bargained, never decreed.",
   "option": "Change the 75/25 split through the plan-design process",
   "statute": "M.G.L. c.32B §21(f)",
   "statute_url": "https://malegislature.gov/Laws/GeneralLaws/PartI/TitleIV/Chapter32B/Section21",
   "threshold": "Not permitted",
   "who_decides": "Nobody",
   "who_it_lands_on": "—"
  },
  {
   "available_to_lunenburg": "no",
   "effect_on_the_gap": "—",
   "held_by": "",
   "held_doc": "",
   "held_until": "",
   "id": "stop-offering",
   "note": "Acceptance \"shall not be revoked or rescinded.\" And if Town Meeting does not appropriate the cost, §3 has the assessors put it in the tax rate anyway.",
   "option": "Stop offering health insurance",
   "statute": "M.G.L. c.32B §10",
   "statute_url": "https://malegislature.gov/Laws/GeneralLaws/PartI/TitleIV/Chapter32B/Section10",
   "threshold": "Not permitted",
   "who_decides": "Nobody",
   "who_it_lands_on": "—"
  },
  {
   "available_to_lunenburg": "no",
   "effect_on_the_gap": "—",
   "held_by": "",
   "held_doc": "",
   "held_until": "",
   "id": "drop-retirees",
   "note": "Galenski v. Town of Erving, 471 Mass. 305 (2015), struck down a ten-year service prerequisite.",
   "option": "Drop retirees or require years of service for coverage",
   "statute": "M.G.L. c.32B §9",
   "statute_url": "https://malegislature.gov/Laws/GeneralLaws/PartI/TitleIV/Chapter32B/Section9",
   "threshold": "Not permitted",
   "who_decides": "Nobody",
   "who_it_lands_on": "—"
  }
 ],
 "pec_history": [
  {
   "basis": "named in a union contract, and since 6 October 2026 held: received from the Town's HR Director (sources/contracts/pdf/pec-agreement-2008.pdf), whose page 1 and signature page are dated by hand the 16th of June 2008",
   "on": "2008-06-16",
   "quote": "The Town agrees to provide health and life insurance in accordance with the PEC (Public Employees Committee) Agreement dated June 16, 2008 (attached).",
   "source": "Clerical Union Agreement FY2023–2026, Article 21 §1",
   "source_url": "https://www.lunenburgma.gov/DocumentCenter/View/364/Fiscal-Year-2023-to-2026-Clerical-Union-Agreement-PDF",
   "what": "The PEC agreement is signed"
  },
  {
   "basis": "the Board speaking of §19 as already adopted — the acceptance vote itself is not in the record we hold",
   "on": "2010-08-24",
   "quote": "Tom's concern is that where we've adopted Section 19, he doesn't know at this point that he's just willing to scrap anything",
   "source": "Select Board minutes, 24 August 2010",
   "source_url": "https://lunenburgbudgetproject.org/docs/minutes/text/select-board/2010-08-24-minutes-4749.txt",
   "what": "Section 19 is already in force"
  },
  {
   "basis": "a DRAFT home-rule petition in the minutes. Whether it was filed, and what became of it, is not established here",
   "on": "2010-11-02",
   "quote": "Further, the Town of Lunenburg is also authorized to alter current and future plan design features, and that such action not be subject to collective bargaining as defined in M.G.L. Chapter 150E",
   "source": "Select Board minutes, 2 November 2010",
   "source_url": "https://lunenburgbudgetproject.org/docs/minutes/text/select-board/2010-11-02-minutes-4737.txt",
   "what": "The town drafts a special act to take plan design out of bargaining"
  },
  {
   "basis": "stated by staff to the Board on 1 March 2011, about the coming July",
   "on": "2011-07-01",
   "quote": "as of July 1st we'll be going to 75/25 of cost sharing split between the town and employees",
   "source": "Select Board minutes, 1 March 2011",
   "source_url": "https://lunenburgbudgetproject.org/docs/minutes/text/select-board/2011-03-01-minutes-4777.txt",
   "what": "The split moves to 75/25"
  },
  {
   "basis": "the agenda of a presentation. \"Maximum possible savings\" is the test §21(d) turns on. NO VOTE ADOPTING §§21–23 HAS BEEN FOUND, then or since",
   "on": "2013-01-22",
   "quote": "Section 19-Public Employee Committee (PEC) · Health Insurance Reform · FY13 Estimated Costs · Maximum Possible Savings · Health Insurance Reform Available Options",
   "source": "Select Board minutes, 22 January 2013",
   "source_url": "https://lunenburgbudgetproject.org/docs/minutes/text/select-board/2013-01-22-minutes-4874.txt",
   "what": "The Board is walked through the 2011 reform and what it could save"
  },
  {
   "basis": "named in later minutes; the amendment itself is NOT HELD",
   "on": "2013-05-14",
   "quote": "The Town and the PEC agree to strike the language in paragraph 7 and paragraph 8 of the amendment dated May 14, 2013.",
   "source": "Select Board minutes, 11 March 2014",
   "source_url": "https://www.lunenburgma.gov/AgendaCenter/ViewFile/Minutes/_03112014-4878",
   "what": "An amendment to the PEC agreement is dated"
  },
  {
   "basis": "stated to the Board; the agreement itself is NOT HELD. Whether it is the 14 May 2013 amendment or a separate document is not established",
   "on": "2013-06-04",
   "quote": "Mr. Matthews noted that an agreement was come to with the Public Employee Union that helps contain health insurance costs. The agreement will last until June 30, 2016.",
   "source": "Select Board minutes, 4 June 2013",
   "source_url": "https://www.lunenburgma.gov/AgendaCenter/ViewFile/Minutes/_06042013-4847",
   "what": "An agreement with the PEC is reported, to run until 30 June 2016"
  },
  {
   "basis": "language read into the minutes; the signed amendment is NOT HELD",
   "on": "2014-03-11",
   "quote": "The Town and the PEC agree that the Town, with the mitigation fund of $51,406.00, will provide a premium holiday or a one-deduction",
   "source": "Select Board minutes, 11 March 2014",
   "source_url": "https://www.lunenburgma.gov/AgendaCenter/ViewFile/Minutes/_03112014-4878",
   "what": "The 2013 amendment is itself amended: paragraphs 7 and 8 struck, a mitigation fund of $51,406 distributed"
  },
  {
   "basis": "voted by the Board, All in Favor; the agreement itself is NOT HELD. Most likely the in-force agreement the FY27 memorandum amends -- inferred, not stated",
   "on": "2022-04-12",
   "quote": "The new agreement starts July 1 and provides another health insurance plan option (Blue Cross Select). It provides a smaller network of providers and a lower cost. The agreement modifies Medicare Part B reimbursement from a percentage to a flat dollar amount.",
   "source": "Select Board minutes, 12 April 2022, item 4",
   "source_url": "https://www.lunenburgma.gov/AgendaCenter/ViewFile/Minutes/_04122022-5316",
   "what": "The Board approves a new PEC agreement effective 1 July 2022: Blue Select added, Part B moved from a percentage to a flat amount, an opt-out requested"
  },
  {
   "basis": "GIC Administrative Bulletin 23-01. Our copy was pasted from a browser — mass.gov refuses this project’s fetches — and is a transcription until byte-verified",
   "on": "2023-01-01",
   "quote": "The GIC reminds municipalities that it must be provided PEC agreements to the Commission under 805 CMR 801.",
   "source": "GIC Administrative Bulletin 23-01, Guidance Regarding PEC Agreements",
   "source_url": "https://www.mass.gov/administrative-bulletin/23-01-guidance-regarding-pec-agreements",
   "what": "The state tells municipalities how PEC agreements may set contributions"
  },
  {
   "basis": "the agreement itself, received by records request on 5 October 2026. It AMENDS \"the current in-force health insurance agreement\", which it does not attach. The signature page prints names and no date, so when it was signed is not established",
   "on": "2026-07-01",
   "quote": "The Town and the PEC agree that the Town shall contribute 75% of the health insurance premium and the employee/Non-Medicare retiree shall contribute 25% of the health insurance premium for all active plans.",
   "source": "Memorandum of Agreement between Town of Lunenburg and Lunenburg Public Employee Committee, effective July 1, 2026 – June 30, 2029",
   "source_url": "https://lunenburgbudgetproject.org/docs/contracts/pdf/pec-agreement-fy27-fy29.pdf",
   "what": "A three-year memorandum of agreement takes effect, to 30 June 2029"
  }
 ],
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 "sources": [
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   "url": "https://dls-gw.dor.state.ma.us/reports/rdPage.aspx?rdReport=ScheduleA.HealthInsurance.HealthInsExpenditures"
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   "publisher": "The General Court",
   "title": "M.G.L. Chapter 32B — municipal group insurance",
   "url": "https://malegislature.gov/Laws/GeneralLaws/PartI/TitleIV/Chapter32B"
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