{
 "about": "How Lunenburg compares with the towns it borders, the towns this project uses as peers, the towns the math says resemble it, and the places its children are actually schooled: tax bills, overrides, per-pupil spending and the commercial share of the base.",
 "above_requirement": [
  {
   "above_requirement_pp": 6207,
   "all_funds_pp": 25565,
   "district": "Harvard",
   "multiple": 1.58,
   "outside_nss_pp": 8562,
   "pupils": 1065,
   "regional": false,
   "required_nss_pp": 10795
  },
  {
   "above_requirement_pp": 5338,
   "all_funds_pp": 22664,
   "district": "Groton-Dunstable",
   "multiple": 1.36,
   "outside_nss_pp": 2575,
   "pupils": 2387,
   "regional": true,
   "required_nss_pp": 14751
  },
  {
   "above_requirement_pp": 4263,
   "all_funds_pp": 21528,
   "district": "North Middlesex",
   "multiple": 1.29,
   "outside_nss_pp": 2536,
   "pupils": 3053,
   "regional": true,
   "required_nss_pp": 14729
  },
  {
   "above_requirement_pp": 2714,
   "all_funds_pp": 18027,
   "district": "Lunenburg",
   "multiple": 1.2,
   "outside_nss_pp": 1768,
   "pupils": 1666,
   "regional": false,
   "required_nss_pp": 13545
  },
  {
   "above_requirement_pp": 2472,
   "all_funds_pp": 20428,
   "district": "Ayer Shirley School District",
   "multiple": 1.18,
   "outside_nss_pp": 4209,
   "pupils": 1888,
   "regional": true,
   "required_nss_pp": 13747
  },
  {
   "above_requirement_pp": 1613,
   "all_funds_pp": 18142,
   "district": "Ashburnham-Westminster",
   "multiple": 1.12,
   "outside_nss_pp": 2549,
   "pupils": 2284,
   "regional": true,
   "required_nss_pp": 13979
  }
 ],
 "base_fy": 2011,
 "base_sy": 2011,
 "by_dimension": [
  {
   "key": "children",
   "label": "how many children it has",
   "lunenburg": "1,563",
   "towns": [
    {
     "town": "Ipswich",
     "value": "1,563"
    },
    {
     "town": "Bourne",
     "value": "1,519"
    },
    {
     "town": "Tyngsborough",
     "value": "1,515"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "key": "low_income",
   "label": "the share of its children from low-income families",
   "lunenburg": "23%",
   "towns": [
    {
     "town": "Sandwich",
     "value": "23%"
    },
    {
     "town": "Tyngsborough",
     "value": "23%"
    },
    {
     "town": "Belchertown",
     "value": "23%"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "key": "home_value",
   "label": "what the average single-family home is worth",
   "lunenburg": "$517,296",
   "towns": [
    {
     "town": "Attleboro",
     "value": "$516,733"
    },
    {
     "town": "Lowell",
     "value": "$514,854"
    },
    {
     "town": "Douglas",
     "value": "$521,818"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "key": "income",
   "label": "income per head",
   "lunenburg": "$47,872",
   "towns": [
    {
     "town": "Winthrop",
     "value": "$47,593"
    },
    {
     "town": "Plymouth",
     "value": "$47,294"
    },
    {
     "town": "Seekonk",
     "value": "$47,093"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "key": "business",
   "label": "how much business value stands behind each pupil",
   "lunenburg": "$127,465",
   "towns": [
    {
     "town": "Dracut",
     "value": "$128,659"
    },
    {
     "town": "Reading",
     "value": "$130,973"
    },
    {
     "town": "Grafton",
     "value": "$121,201"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "key": "tax_bill",
   "label": "the average single-family tax bill",
   "lunenburg": "$7,444",
   "towns": [
    {
     "town": "Carver",
     "value": "$7,448"
    },
    {
     "town": "West Bridgewater",
     "value": "$7,433"
    },
    {
     "town": "Medford",
     "value": "$7,427"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "key": "per_pupil",
   "label": "what its schools spend per pupil",
   "lunenburg": "$18,027",
   "towns": [
    {
     "town": "Grafton",
     "value": "$17,941"
    },
    {
     "town": "North Attleborough",
     "value": "$18,581"
    },
    {
     "town": "West Bridgewater",
     "value": "$18,633"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "key": "above_foundation",
   "label": "how far above the state’s figure for its schools it spends",
   "lunenburg": "1.27x",
   "towns": [
    {
     "town": "Peabody",
     "value": "1.27x"
    },
    {
     "town": "Randolph",
     "value": "1.27x"
    },
    {
     "town": "Abington",
     "value": "1.26x"
    }
   ]
  }
 ],
 "cheap_and_generous": {
  "band": {
   "bill_less": 6630,
   "bill_more": 6492,
   "cut": 14.7,
   "hi": 650000,
   "lo": 400000,
   "n": 63,
   "n_less": 31,
   "n_more": 32,
   "pp_less": 21375,
   "pp_more": 22006
  },
  "by_bill": [
   "Chicopee",
   "Falmouth",
   "Holyoke",
   "Lawrence",
   "North Adams",
   "Southbridge",
   "Springfield",
   "Wareham"
  ],
  "by_business": 1,
  "by_houses": 7,
  "by_rich_homes": 4,
  "by_state": 2,
  "cheap_cut": 5962,
  "effort_cut": 1.08,
  "in_both_tests": [
   "Falmouth",
   "Lawrence",
   "Wareham"
  ],
  "lun": {
   "bill": 7444,
   "homes_per_pupil": 2.19,
   "pp": 18027,
   "state_pp": 5617
  },
  "med_cip": 13.4,
  "med_homes": 1.78,
  "med_state": 3617,
  "med_value": 644586,
  "n": 161,
  "n_by_bill": 8,
  "spend_cut": 24394,
  "towns": [
   {
    "bill": 7795,
    "biz_heavy": false,
    "cip": 3.9,
    "homes_per_pupil": 5.19,
    "how": "houses",
    "pp": 33702,
    "prate": 1.08,
    "state_pp": 2617,
    "town": "Hull",
    "value": 721093
   },
   {
    "bill": 8548,
    "biz_heavy": false,
    "cip": 4.7,
    "homes_per_pupil": 3.59,
    "how": "houses",
    "pp": 32423,
    "prate": 0.85,
    "state_pp": 2595,
    "town": "Rockport",
    "value": 1010388
   },
   {
    "bill": 20551,
    "biz_heavy": false,
    "cip": 9.6,
    "homes_per_pupil": 1.81,
    "how": "expensive houses",
    "pp": 30745,
    "prate": 1.02,
    "state_pp": 2348,
    "town": "Wellesley",
    "value": 2020758
   },
   {
    "bill": 7128,
    "biz_heavy": true,
    "cip": 36.3,
    "homes_per_pupil": 1.82,
    "how": "business",
    "pp": 29407,
    "prate": 0.87,
    "state_pp": 2840,
    "town": "Burlington",
    "value": 820280
   },
   {
    "bill": 17077,
    "biz_heavy": false,
    "cip": 7.8,
    "homes_per_pupil": 1.44,
    "how": "expensive houses",
    "pp": 28483,
    "prate": 0.97,
    "state_pp": 2466,
    "town": "Newton",
    "value": 1762337
   },
   {
    "bill": 7818,
    "biz_heavy": false,
    "cip": 10.8,
    "homes_per_pupil": 3.65,
    "how": "houses",
    "pp": 28049,
    "prate": 1.02,
    "state_pp": 2502,
    "town": "Sandwich",
    "value": 767178
   },
   {
    "bill": 9733,
    "biz_heavy": false,
    "cip": 9.1,
    "homes_per_pupil": 2.3,
    "how": "unexplained",
    "pp": 27412,
    "prate": 1.08,
    "state_pp": 2479,
    "town": "Ipswich",
    "value": 902861
   },
   {
    "bill": 16690,
    "biz_heavy": false,
    "cip": 11.9,
    "homes_per_pupil": 1.5,
    "how": "expensive houses",
    "pp": 27151,
    "prate": 1.08,
    "state_pp": 2380,
    "town": "Needham",
    "value": 1541061
   },
   {
    "bill": 6755,
    "biz_heavy": false,
    "cip": 25.2,
    "homes_per_pupil": 1.72,
    "how": "unexplained",
    "pp": 27089,
    "prate": 0.92,
    "state_pp": 3324,
    "town": "Woburn",
    "value": 738200
   },
   {
    "bill": 6346,
    "biz_heavy": false,
    "cip": 6.8,
    "homes_per_pupil": 4.73,
    "how": "houses",
    "pp": 26994,
    "prate": 0.64,
    "state_pp": 2779,
    "town": "Mashpee",
    "value": 990034
   },
   {
    "bill": 5881,
    "biz_heavy": false,
    "cip": 6.8,
    "homes_per_pupil": 6.05,
    "how": "houses",
    "pp": 26965,
    "prate": 0.57,
    "state_pp": 2809,
    "town": "Falmouth",
    "value": 1026338
   },
   {
    "bill": 7285,
    "biz_heavy": false,
    "cip": 15.6,
    "homes_per_pupil": 1.12,
    "how": "the state",
    "pp": 26480,
    "prate": 1.08,
    "state_pp": 7291,
    "town": "Salem",
    "value": 675757
   },
   {
    "bill": 6621,
    "biz_heavy": false,
    "cip": 19.7,
    "homes_per_pupil": 2.02,
    "how": "unexplained",
    "pp": 26283,
    "prate": 0.99,
    "state_pp": 2588,
    "town": "Lenox",
    "value": 672163
   },
   {
    "bill": 7427,
    "biz_heavy": false,
    "cip": 11.2,
    "homes_per_pupil": 1.7,
    "how": "unexplained",
    "pp": 25981,
    "prate": 0.86,
    "state_pp": 3511,
    "town": "Medford",
    "value": 860609
   },
   {
    "bill": 8468,
    "biz_heavy": false,
    "cip": 24.4,
    "homes_per_pupil": 1.64,
    "how": "unexplained",
    "pp": 25270,
    "prate": 0.98,
    "state_pp": 2856,
    "town": "Canton",
    "value": 868560
   },
   {
    "bill": 6075,
    "biz_heavy": false,
    "cip": 10.6,
    "homes_per_pupil": 4.37,
    "how": "houses",
    "pp": 24924,
    "prate": 0.76,
    "state_pp": 2776,
    "town": "Bourne",
    "value": 794061
   },
   {
    "bill": 7065,
    "biz_heavy": false,
    "cip": 26.4,
    "homes_per_pupil": 1.56,
    "how": "unexplained",
    "pp": 24920,
    "prate": 0.98,
    "state_pp": 5147,
    "town": "Norwood",
    "value": 719477
   },
   {
    "bill": 10249,
    "biz_heavy": false,
    "cip": 9.8,
    "homes_per_pupil": 1.99,
    "how": "expensive houses",
    "pp": 24543,
    "prate": 0.93,
    "state_pp": 2323,
    "town": "Newburyport",
    "value": 1106755
   },
   {
    "bill": 4087,
    "biz_heavy": false,
    "cip": 14.9,
    "homes_per_pupil": 4.08,
    "how": "houses",
    "pp": 24538,
    "prate": 0.86,
    "state_pp": 6627,
    "town": "Wareham",
    "value": 477438
   },
   {
    "bill": 4140,
    "biz_heavy": false,
    "cip": 17.8,
    "homes_per_pupil": 0.27,
    "how": "the state",
    "pp": 24394,
    "prate": 0.86,
    "state_pp": 21277,
    "town": "Lawrence",
    "value": 479209
   }
  ],
  "unexplained": [
   "Ipswich",
   "Woburn",
   "Lenox",
   "Medford",
   "Canton",
   "Norwood"
  ]
 },
 "cherry": {
  "fy": 2026,
  "local": [
   {
    "amount": 704241,
    "district": "Cape Cod",
    "per_pupil": 2798,
    "pupils": 252
   },
   {
    "amount": 1549462,
    "district": "Southern Berkshire",
    "per_pupil": 2081,
    "pupils": 745
   },
   {
    "amount": 1133159,
    "district": "Minuteman",
    "per_pupil": 1668,
    "pupils": 679
   },
   {
    "amount": 1287134,
    "district": "Upper Cape Cod",
    "per_pupil": 1411,
    "pupils": 912
   },
   {
    "amount": 1778149,
    "district": "Blackstone Valley",
    "per_pupil": 1403,
    "pupils": 1267
   },
   {
    "amount": 759774,
    "district": "Old Colony",
    "per_pupil": 1382,
    "pupils": 550
   },
   {
    "amount": 2022089,
    "district": "Montachusett",
    "per_pupil": 1370,
    "pupils": 1476
   },
   {
    "amount": 509391,
    "district": "Pioneer Valley",
    "per_pupil": 1355,
    "pupils": 376
   }
  ],
  "lun_charter_out": 344897,
  "lun_choice_in": 106606,
  "lun_choice_out": 460282,
  "lunenburg": {
   "Assessments": [
    {
     "amount": 460282,
     "line": "School Ch Sending Tuition"
    },
    {
     "amount": 344897,
     "line": "Chart Sch Sending Tuition"
    },
    {
     "amount": 89873,
     "line": "Mosquito Control"
    },
    {
     "amount": 77917,
     "line": "Regional Transit"
    },
    {
     "amount": 13920,
     "line": "RMV Non Renewal"
    },
    {
     "amount": 12394,
     "line": "MBTA"
    },
    {
     "amount": 3968,
     "line": "Air Pollution"
    }
   ],
   "Receipts": [
    {
     "amount": 9229410,
     "line": "Chapter 70"
    },
    {
     "amount": 1316438,
     "line": "UGGA"
    },
    {
     "amount": 318424,
     "line": "Smart Growth"
    },
    {
     "amount": 113794,
     "line": "Exemp: VBS and Elderly"
    },
    {
     "amount": 106606,
     "line": "Sch Choice Rcvng Tuition"
    },
    {
     "amount": 50560,
     "line": "Veterans Benefits"
    },
    {
     "amount": 48606,
     "line": "State Owned Land"
    },
    {
     "amount": 34448,
     "line": "Public Libraries"
    },
    {
     "amount": 26136,
     "line": "Charter Tuition Reimburse"
    }
   ]
  },
  "n_regional": 84,
  "statewide_transport": 88183608,
  "totals": {
   "Net Receipts": 10241171,
   "Total Assessments": 1003251,
   "Total Receipts": 11244422
  }
 },
 "commercial": {
  "levy_if_matched": 2570982,
  "lun_business": 212343140,
  "lun_levy": 3055618,
  "lun_per_pupil": 127465,
  "lun_share": 8.7,
  "median_per_pupil": 234713,
  "n": 161,
  "need_to_reach_median": 178664500,
  "pace": 24176125,
  "rate": 14.39,
  "towns": [
   {
    "business": 1182238628,
    "levy": 17012414,
    "per_pupil": 181317,
    "share": 17.1,
    "town": "Leominster",
    "vs_lunenburg": 969895488
   },
   {
    "business": 989017416,
    "levy": 14231961,
    "per_pupil": 166255,
    "share": 18.4,
    "town": "Fitchburg",
    "vs_lunenburg": 776674276
   },
   {
    "business": 733312079,
    "levy": 10552361,
    "per_pupil": 426220,
    "share": 21.2,
    "town": "Littleton",
    "vs_lunenburg": 520968939
   },
   {
    "business": 726390706,
    "levy": 10452762,
    "per_pupil": 154574,
    "share": 9.6,
    "town": "Westford",
    "vs_lunenburg": 514047566
   },
   {
    "business": 526264898,
    "levy": 7572952,
    "per_pupil": 212589,
    "share": 11.6,
    "town": "Pembroke",
    "vs_lunenburg": 313921758
   },
   {
    "business": 495439126,
    "levy": 7129369,
    "per_pupil": 128659,
    "share": 7.8,
    "town": "Dracut",
    "vs_lunenburg": 283095986
   },
   {
    "business": 469959729,
    "levy": 6762721,
    "per_pupil": 262753,
    "share": 13.4,
    "town": "Fairhaven",
    "vs_lunenburg": 257616589
   },
   {
    "business": 434158379,
    "levy": 6247539,
    "per_pupil": 222600,
    "share": 11.7,
    "town": "Swansea",
    "vs_lunenburg": 221815239
   },
   {
    "business": 400250502,
    "levy": 5759605,
    "per_pupil": 295475,
    "share": 15.1,
    "town": "Sutton",
    "vs_lunenburg": 187907362
   },
   {
    "business": 340414162,
    "levy": 4898560,
    "per_pupil": 165765,
    "share": 11.6,
    "town": "Northbridge",
    "vs_lunenburg": 128071022
   },
   {
    "business": 338695440,
    "levy": 4873827,
    "per_pupil": 162102,
    "share": 12.0,
    "town": "East Bridgewater",
    "vs_lunenburg": 126352300
   },
   {
    "business": 292825662,
    "levy": 4213761,
    "per_pupil": 251223,
    "share": 14.4,
    "town": "Douglas",
    "vs_lunenburg": 80482522
   },
   {
    "business": 239183026,
    "levy": 3441844,
    "per_pupil": 178788,
    "share": 9.6,
    "town": "Maynard",
    "vs_lunenburg": 26839886
   },
   {
    "business": 212343140,
    "levy": 3055618,
    "per_pupil": 127465,
    "share": 8.7,
    "town": "Lunenburg",
    "vs_lunenburg": 0
   },
   {
    "business": 202926947,
    "levy": 2920119,
    "per_pupil": 165439,
    "share": 8.8,
    "town": "Georgetown",
    "vs_lunenburg": -9416193
   },
   {
    "business": 73471292,
    "levy": 1057252,
    "per_pupil": 68961,
    "share": 3.9,
    "town": "Harvard",
    "vs_lunenburg": -138871848
   }
  ],
  "years_at_pace": 7.4
 },
 "commercial_choice": {
  "aid_lost": 5319538,
  "bench": "Littleton",
  "bench_bill": 10800,
  "bench_effort": 1.4,
  "bench_pp_more": 3340,
  "bill": 7444,
  "cut_pct": 17.59,
  "extra": 520968939,
  "gaps": [
   {
    "gap": 761001,
    "name": "level service",
    "share": 35.0
   },
   {
    "gap": 1600001,
    "name": "core",
    "share": 73.5
   },
   {
    "gap": 1948528,
    "name": "restoration",
    "share": 89.5
   }
  ],
  "gross": 7496743,
  "levy": 35122044,
  "lun_effort": 1.44,
  "net": 2177205,
  "new_bill": 6135,
  "new_rate": 11.8588,
  "rate": 14.39,
  "saving": 1309,
  "total": 2440725747
 },
 "conclusions": [
  {
   "basis": "dls-avg-tax-bill.csv at FY2026: `avg_sf_bill`, `bill_pct_of_value` and `bill_pct_of_income` as DLS certifies them, ranked over every one of the 351 towns the file covers.",
   "bearing": "sizes",
   "claim": "Lunenburg is middling on the tax bill and in the top quarter of the state on tax EFFORT.",
   "detail": "The average single-family tax bill in Lunenburg is $7,444, which is 145th of the 351 Massachusetts towns — the middle of the state. But a bill is a dollar amount and it moves with what houses are worth, so it measures the housing market as much as it measures the town. Measured as EFFORT — the bill as a share of what the home is worth — Lunenburg is 78th, at 1.44% of value. Against income per head it is 119th, at 15.55%. Two towns taxing themselves identically post completely different bills, and the clearest case is a town already on this page: Westford’s bill is $11,171 against Lunenburg’s $7,444, and its residents pay 1.31% of what their homes are worth against Lunenburg’s 1.44%. The larger bill is the smaller effort, because the average Westford home is worth $334,826 more.",
   "figure": "rank",
   "figures": {
    "bench_bill": {
     "text": "$11,171",
     "unit": "",
     "value": 11171
    },
    "bench_prate": {
     "text": "1.31%",
     "unit": "",
     "value": 1.31
    },
    "bill": {
     "text": "$7,444",
     "unit": "",
     "value": 7444.0
    },
    "bill_rank": {
     "text": "145th",
     "unit": "",
     "value": 145
    },
    "gapv": {
     "text": "$334,826",
     "unit": "",
     "value": 334826
    },
    "inc_rank": {
     "text": "119th",
     "unit": "",
     "value": 119
    },
    "pinc": {
     "text": "15.55%",
     "unit": "",
     "value": 15.55
    },
    "prate": {
     "text": "1.44%",
     "unit": "",
     "value": 1.44
    },
    "rank": {
     "text": "78th",
     "unit": "of the 351 Massachusetts towns on the bill as a share of what the home is worth, where 1st asks the most",
     "value": 78
    },
    "towns": {
     "text": "351",
     "unit": "",
     "value": 351
    }
   },
   "id": "bill-is-not-effort",
   "kind": "measured",
   "literals": [],
   "not_shown": "Which measure a resident should care about. A household writes the DOLLAR cheque, and effort is what compares one town to another — they are different questions and this report needs both. Nor does it show WHY the effort is what it is: a town with a thin tax base must ask more of each home to raise the same money, and this says nothing about whether the money raised is well spent.",
   "see": [
    {
     "label": "The same towns, measured both ways",
     "slug": "/analysis/towns-like-us"
    }
   ],
   "so_what": "145th of 351 on dollars, 78th on the share of a home’s value. House prices, not tax policy."
  },
  {
   "basis": "Pearson correlation of each measure against DESE per-pupil total expenditure SY2025, over the 161-town frame; then standardised least squares on the five that are not near-duplicates of one another.",
   "bearing": "sizes",
   "claim": "Taxable property per child predicts school spending. Aid and poverty do not.",
   "detail": "Twelve things were tested against what a district spends per pupil, across all 161 towns that run their own K–12 school. The strongest by a long way is how much taxable property stands behind each child: r +0.54, which accounts for 29% of the difference between districts. How much the state sends per child accounts for 1%. How many pupils a district has accounts for 0%. The share of children from low-income families, 0%. The share of the tax base that is business, 0%. Put the five together and they account for 39% of the difference — so 61% of what separates a district spending the most from one spending the least is none of those things.",
   "figure": "best",
   "figures": {
    "best": {
     "text": "29%",
     "unit": "of the difference in spending per pupil is accounted for by how much taxable property stands behind each child — the strongest of twelve things tested",
     "value": 28.7
    },
    "best_r": {
     "text": "+0.54",
     "unit": "",
     "value": 0.536
    },
    "biz": {
     "text": "0%",
     "unit": "",
     "value": 0.1
    },
    "lowinc": {
     "text": "0%",
     "unit": "",
     "value": 0.0
    },
    "lunvalue": {
     "text": "$1.5M",
     "unit": "of taxable assessed value stands behind each Lunenburg pupil — the town’s whole property tax base divided by the pupils actually enrolled (FTE). The choropleth divides the same base by FOUNDATION enrolment, the children the state funds the town for, which is a larger count and so a smaller figure",
     "value": 1463438.8258598954
    },
    "n": {
     "text": "161",
     "unit": "",
     "value": 161
    },
    "size": {
     "text": "0%",
     "unit": "",
     "value": 0.0
    },
    "state": {
     "text": "1%",
     "unit": "",
     "value": 0.6
    },
    "together": {
     "text": "39%",
     "unit": "",
     "value": 38.8
    },
    "twelve": {
     "text": "Twelve",
     "unit": "",
     "value": 12
    },
    "unexplained": {
     "text": "61%",
     "unit": "",
     "value": 61.2
    }
   },
   "id": "what-predicts-spending",
   "kind": "measured",
   "literals": [
    "12"
   ],
   "not_shown": "Which way any of it runs, and what the unexplained share IS. A district with more wealth behind each child may spend more because it can, or may have attracted that wealth by spending more; one year read across many towns cannot separate those. And the 61% left over is not evidence of choice — it is the absence of evidence for the four explanations people reach for. Special education caseload, debt service, contract history and regional structure are all candidates this report does not hold.",
   "see": [
    {
     "label": "Per-pupil spending, in full",
     "slug": "/analysis/per-pupil-spending"
    }
   ],
   "so_what": "Lunenburg has $1.5M behind each enrolled pupil. Even so, 61% of the gap is none of the five."
  },
  {
   "basis": "DESE per-pupil expenditure by category, SY2025: Administration and Instructional Leadership, across every district operating a school through grade 12.",
   "bearing": "lever",
   "claim": "Regional districts do not spend less on administration: $700 a pupil against $693.",
   "detail": "Regionalising is argued for as a way to share overhead, so the measure is administration per pupil, which DESE publishes on its own. Across 210 districts, the 49 regional ones spend a median of $700 a pupil on administration and the 161 single-town ones spend $693. Adding instructional leadership changes nothing: $2,103 against $2,054. What DOES cut overhead is SIZE rather than structure, and only somewhat — the smallest quarter of districts (median 1,242 pupils) spend $880 a pupil, the largest quarter (median 6,517) spend $667. Lunenburg already spends $581, which is 156th of 210.",
   "figure": "admin_regional",
   "figures": {
    "admin_regional": {
     "text": "$700",
     "unit": "median administration spending per pupil in regional districts — against $693 in single-town districts",
     "value": 700
    },
    "admin_single": {
     "text": "$693",
     "unit": "",
     "value": 693
    },
    "big_admin": {
     "text": "$667",
     "unit": "",
     "value": 667
    },
    "big_pupils": {
     "text": "6,517",
     "unit": "",
     "value": 6517
    },
    "lun_admin": {
     "text": "$581",
     "unit": "",
     "value": 581
    },
    "lun_rank": {
     "text": "156th",
     "unit": "",
     "value": 156
    },
    "n": {
     "text": "210",
     "unit": "",
     "value": 210
    },
    "n_reg": {
     "text": "49",
     "unit": "",
     "value": 49
    },
    "n_single": {
     "text": "161",
     "unit": "",
     "value": 161
    },
    "oh_regional": {
     "text": "$2,103",
     "unit": "",
     "value": 2103
    },
    "oh_single": {
     "text": "$2,054",
     "unit": "",
     "value": 2054
    },
    "small_admin": {
     "text": "$880",
     "unit": "",
     "value": 880
    },
    "small_pupils": {
     "text": "1,242",
     "unit": "",
     "value": 1242
    }
   },
   "id": "regionalising-and-the-overhead",
   "kind": "measured",
   "literals": [],
   "not_shown": "THE MONEY, which this tested nothing of. Regional districts receive a state transportation reimbursement under c.71 s.16C that single-town districts get nothing of — $88,183,608 statewide in FY2026 — and that, not administration, is the mechanism the argument actually rests on. A finding of no effect on the measure you COULD take is not a finding of no effect. And what regionalising WOULD do here is a different question again from what existing regional districts spend. Massachusetts regional districts were formed decades ago under different terms, they carry transport costs a single-town district does not, and none of that is separated here. What the figures do rule out is the simple version of the argument: that regional districts are visibly cheaper to run. On administration they are not, and Lunenburg is already among the leanest.",
   "see": [
    {
     "label": "The regional district Lunenburg already belongs to",
     "slug": "/analysis/monty-tech"
    }
   ],
   "so_what": "On ADMINISTRATION, no. The transport money is a separate line and a real one."
  },
  {
   "basis": "Quartile cuts on the FY2026 average single-family bill and SY2025 per-pupil spending across the 161-town frame; each town in the intersection tested against twice the frame median for state dollars per child and for single-family homes per pupil.",
   "bearing": "sizes",
   "claim": "20 of 161 towns charge among the least and spend among the most on each pupil.",
   "detail": "Take the cheapest quarter of these towns by average single-family tax bill — $5,962 or less — and the top quarter by spending per pupil, $24,394 or more. 20 towns are in both: Hull, Rockport, Wellesley, Burlington, Newton, Sandwich, Ipswich, Needham, Woburn, Mashpee, Falmouth, Salem, Lenox, Medford, Canton, Bourne, Norwood, Newburyport, Wareham, Lawrence. They are not a mystery and they are not doing anything clever. 2 of them are among the communities where the state’s own formula finds the least LOCAL EFFORT available — Chapter 70 measures a town by its equalized property valuation and its residents’ income, and covers what those two cannot reach: the state puts in a median of $14,284 per child across those, against $3,617 for the middle town here. The other 7 are resort and retirement towns with a great many houses and very few children — Falmouth has 6.0 single-family homes for every pupil, against 1.8 for the middle town, so a modest bill on a great many houses still raises a great deal per child. Lunenburg is neither: $7,444 a year on the average home, $18,027 per pupil, $5,617 per child from the state and 2.2 homes per pupil.",
   "figure": "both",
   "figures": {
    "both": {
     "text": "20 of 161",
     "unit": "towns in BOTH the cheapest quarter by tax bill and the top quarter by spending per pupil",
     "value": 20
    },
    "both_n": {
     "text": "20",
     "unit": "",
     "value": 20
    },
    "by_houses": {
     "text": "7",
     "unit": "",
     "value": 7
    },
    "by_rich": {
     "text": "4",
     "unit": "of the towns get there on houses that are WORTH a great deal each rather than on having many of them",
     "value": 4
    },
    "by_state": {
     "text": "2",
     "unit": "",
     "value": 2
    },
    "cheap_cut": {
     "text": "$5,962",
     "unit": "",
     "value": 5962
    },
    "lun_bill": {
     "text": "$7,444",
     "unit": "",
     "value": 7444
    },
    "lun_homes": {
     "text": "2.2",
     "unit": "",
     "value": 2.19
    },
    "lun_pp": {
     "text": "$18,027",
     "unit": "",
     "value": 18027
    },
    "lun_state": {
     "text": "$5,617",
     "unit": "",
     "value": 5617
    },
    "med_homes": {
     "text": "1.8",
     "unit": "",
     "value": 1.78
    },
    "med_state": {
     "text": "$3,617",
     "unit": "",
     "value": 3617
    },
    "n": {
     "text": "161",
     "unit": "",
     "value": 161
    },
    "seventy": {
     "text": "70",
     "unit": "",
     "value": 70
    },
    "spend_cut": {
     "text": "$24,394",
     "unit": "",
     "value": 24394
    },
    "their_state": {
     "text": "$14,284",
     "unit": "",
     "value": 14284.0
    },
    "top_homes": {
     "text": "6.0",
     "unit": "",
     "value": 6.05
    },
    "unexp": {
     "text": "6",
     "unit": "fit none of the routes this report can test",
     "value": 6
    }
   },
   "id": "who-gets-it-without-the-taxpayer",
   "kind": "measured",
   "literals": [
    "70"
   ],
   "not_shown": "That either route is available to Lunenburg. One requires having among the least property value and income behind each child in the state, and the other requires three times the usual number of houses per child — neither is a policy anybody here can vote for. What this rules OUT is the hope that some town has found a way to fund schools well without either taxing residents or being carried; within these 161 towns, none has. It also says nothing about what those schools achieve.",
   "see": [
    {
     "label": "What the state actually sends",
     "slug": "/state-aid"
    }
   ],
   "so_what": "7 on houses, 4 on what houses are worth, 2 on the state. 6 are unexplained."
  },
  {
   "basis": "dls-avg-tax-bill.csv at FY2026 over the 161 single-town K–12 districts: the least-squares slope of the average bill on the average single-family value, and the mean bill in the top and bottom fifths by value.",
   "bearing": "sizes",
   "claim": "A town’s tax bill follows house prices: about $995 more per extra $100,000 of home.",
   "detail": "Across the 161 Massachusetts towns that run their own K–12 school district, what separates a high tax bill from a low one is almost entirely what the houses are worth. Every extra $100,000 of average single-family value goes with about $995 more on the average single-family tax bill. The most expensive fifth of those towns average $13,795 a year; the cheapest fifth average $5,376. Income moves with it just as closely, which is the same thing said twice — towns with expensive houses have wealthy households in them.",
   "figure": "per100k",
   "figures": {
    "n": {
     "text": "161",
     "unit": "",
     "value": 161
    },
    "per": {
     "text": "$100,000",
     "unit": "",
     "value": 100000
    },
    "per100k": {
     "text": "$995",
     "unit": "more on a town’s average single-family tax bill for every extra $100,000 its average home is worth",
     "value": 995
    },
    "twelve": {
     "text": "12",
     "unit": "",
     "value": 12
    },
    "val_hi": {
     "text": "$13,795",
     "unit": "",
     "value": 13795
    },
    "val_lo": {
     "text": "$5,376",
     "unit": "",
     "value": 5376
    }
   },
   "id": "the-bill-is-the-house",
   "kind": "measured",
   "literals": [
    "12"
   ],
   "not_shown": "Which way it runs. A town whose houses are worth more can afford a bigger bill and also chooses one, and nothing in a single year read across many towns separates those. Nor is this what would happen to ONE town’s bill if its houses appreciated: a revaluation moves the rate as well as the value, and the levy is set before either.",
   "see": [
    {
     "label": "What commercial growth would have to look like",
     "slug": "/growth"
    }
   ],
   "so_what": "The most expensive fifth of towns average $13,795 a year. The cheapest fifth, $5,376."
  },
  {
   "basis": "Select Board minutes, 25 November 2025, the tax classification hearing: the Principal Assessor’s split-rate analysis as the minute records it, with its average bill and average value checked against dls-avg-tax-bill.csv at FY2026.",
   "bearing": "lever",
   "claim": "Taxing local business at the maximum rate the law allows would save a home $224.25.",
   "detail": "Lunenburg charges every property the same rate — $14.39 per thousand dollars of value in FY2026. A town may instead shift part of the levy onto commercial, industrial and personal property, and at the Select Board’s tax classification hearing on 25 November 2025 the Principal Assessor priced the largest shift the statute permits. It would move the residential rate to $13.70 and the business rate to $21.58: a saving of $224.25 a year on a $350,000 home, and about $2,336.75 a year more on a comparable business. She advised against it. Her figures reconcile to the state’s file — the same minute states an average bill of $7,443.89 on an average value of $517,296, and the Division of Local Services publishes $7,444 on $517,296.",
   "figure": "saving",
   "figures": {
    "avg_bill": {
     "text": "$7,443.89",
     "unit": "",
     "value": 7443.89
    },
    "avg_value": {
     "text": "$517,296",
     "unit": "",
     "value": 517296
    },
    "cip_cost": {
     "text": "$2,336.75",
     "unit": "",
     "value": 2336.75
    },
    "cip_rate": {
     "text": "$21.58",
     "unit": "",
     "value": 21.58
    },
    "dls_bill": {
     "text": "$7,444",
     "unit": "",
     "value": 7444.0
    },
    "dls_value": {
     "text": "$517,296",
     "unit": "",
     "value": 517296.0
    },
    "fy": {
     "text": "FY2026",
     "unit": "",
     "value": 2026
    },
    "home": {
     "text": "$350,000",
     "unit": "",
     "value": 350000
    },
    "rate": {
     "text": "$14.39",
     "unit": "",
     "value": 14.39
    },
    "res_rate": {
     "text": "$13.70",
     "unit": "",
     "value": 13.7
    },
    "saving": {
     "text": "$224.25",
     "unit": "a year off a $350,000 home — the whole of what shifting tax onto local business could do for a homeowner here",
     "value": 224.25
    },
    "when": {
     "text": "25 November 2025",
     "unit": "",
     "value": "2025-11-25"
    }
   },
   "id": "what-taxing-business-harder-would-save",
   "kind": "measured",
   "literals": [],
   "not_shown": "We did not recompute her split-rate arithmetic. Rule 13a applies: a figure a person assembled is stated, however official the setting. What raises confidence is the half that CAN be checked and does reconcile exactly. And note what a shift is not — it moves the same bill between classes of property and lowers the total the town raises by nothing at all.",
   "see": [
    {
     "label": "What commercial growth would have to look like",
     "slug": "/growth"
    }
   ],
   "so_what": "The same shift adds about $2,336.75 to a business. The town’s own assessor advised against it."
  },
  {
   "basis": "DESE per-pupil total expenditures SY2025; DESE Chapter 70 municipal contributions FY2026 (town foundation budget less required local contribution); DLS single-family parcels FY2026 over DESE FTE pupils.",
   "bearing": "sizes",
   "claim": "Lunenburg spends $4,281 less per pupil than the middle comparable district.",
   "detail": "Of the 161 Massachusetts towns that run their own K–12 district, Lunenburg is 158th by spending per pupil: $18,027 against $22,308 for the district in the middle. The two explanations everybody reaches for are both checkable, and only one of them survives. STATE HELP: the state expects to cover 40% of Lunenburg’s foundation budget against 24% for the middle district, which is 55th of 161 — more help than most, not less. THE TAX BASE is a different story, and an earlier version of this card had it wrong: counting HOMES, Lunenburg has 2.2 per pupil against 1.8 for the middle district and looks comfortable; counting VALUE, which is what a bill is actually levied on, it has $1,463,439 per pupil against a median of $1,800,204. More houses per child than most towns, and less money behind each child. One of the two usual explanations is genuinely ruled out. The other is not.",
   "figure": "gap",
   "figures": {
    "gap": {
     "text": "$4,281",
     "unit": "less per pupil than the middle of 161 comparable districts — with more state help and more homes per pupil than most of them",
     "value": 4281.0
    },
    "lun_homes": {
     "text": "2.2",
     "unit": "",
     "value": 2.1880064829821717
    },
    "lun_share": {
     "text": "40%",
     "unit": "",
     "value": 39.591086402491655
    },
    "med_homes": {
     "text": "1.8",
     "unit": "",
     "value": 1.7829192634964
    },
    "med_pp": {
     "text": "$22,308",
     "unit": "",
     "value": 22308
    },
    "med_share": {
     "text": "24%",
     "unit": "",
     "value": 23.944855799455674
    },
    "med_val_pp": {
     "text": "$1,800,204",
     "unit": "",
     "value": 1800204
    },
    "n": {
     "text": "161",
     "unit": "",
     "value": 161
    },
    "n_share": {
     "text": "161",
     "unit": "",
     "value": 161
    },
    "pp": {
     "text": "$18,027",
     "unit": "",
     "value": 18027.0
    },
    "pp_rank": {
     "text": "158th",
     "unit": "",
     "value": 158
    },
    "share_rank": {
     "text": "55th",
     "unit": "",
     "value": 55
    },
    "twelve": {
     "text": "12",
     "unit": "",
     "value": 12
    },
    "val_pp": {
     "text": "$1,463,439",
     "unit": "",
     "value": 1463439
    }
   },
   "id": "not-for-want-of-aid-or-tax-base",
   "kind": "measured",
   "literals": [
    "12"
   ],
   "not_shown": "WHY. Ruling out two explanations is not finding a third, and this report does not have one. The remaining candidates — what the town chooses to appropriate, how the budget is split between the schools and the town side, debt service, other local revenue — are not separated by anything here, and a reader who takes this as evidence of any one of them has gone further than the data. Nor does spending less mean doing worse: there is no outcome measure in this report at all.",
   "see": [
    {
     "label": "Per-pupil spending, in full",
     "slug": "/analysis/per-pupil-spending"
    },
    {
     "label": "What the state actually sends",
     "slug": "/state-aid"
    }
   ],
   "so_what": "Not for want of state aid — it gets more than most. Its taxable value per pupil is below the middle."
  },
  {
   "basis": "DESE per-pupil total expenditures SY2025 over the town foundation budget per foundation pupil from the FY2026 Chapter 70 municipal contribution file, for every town in the frame.",
   "bearing": "lever",
   "claim": "Lunenburg spends 1.27x what the state says its schools need. The middle town spends 1.46x.",
   "detail": "A raw per-pupil comparison is unfair to a town with poorer children or a thinner tax base, and the state already solves that: it computes a FOUNDATION BUDGET for every town from its own children and its own wealth. Measuring each town against its OWN floor is the like-for-like comparison. Lunenburg’s foundation works out at $14,189 per pupil and it spends $18,027, which is 1.27x — 125th of 161. The middle district here spends 1.46x its own floor. Spending at that middle ratio would put Lunenburg at $20,673 per pupil, $2,646 more than it spends now. This is also the one comparison on the page closest to a decision: how far above the floor to go is what a town meeting votes on.",
   "figure": "ratio",
   "figures": {
    "at_median": {
     "text": "$20,673",
     "unit": "",
     "value": 20673
    },
    "foundation_pp": {
     "text": "$14,189",
     "unit": "",
     "value": 14189
    },
    "gap": {
     "text": "$2,646",
     "unit": "",
     "value": 2646
    },
    "med_ratio": {
     "text": "1.46",
     "unit": "",
     "value": 1.4569895420557906
    },
    "n_ratio": {
     "text": "161",
     "unit": "",
     "value": 161
    },
    "pp": {
     "text": "$18,027",
     "unit": "",
     "value": 18027.0
    },
    "ratio": {
     "text": "1.27",
     "unit": "what Lunenburg spends per pupil as a multiple of the state says Lunenburg’s schools need — the middle comparable district spends 1.46x",
     "value": 1.270522450730404
    },
    "ratio_rank": {
     "text": "125th",
     "unit": "",
     "value": 125
    }
   },
   "id": "how-far-above-the-floor",
   "kind": "measured",
   "literals": [],
   "not_shown": "That Lunenburg SHOULD spend at the middle ratio, or that the towns above it are right to. This measures distance from a formula, not whether any amount is the correct one, and there is no outcome measure in this report. Two mechanical cautions as well: spending is ALL FUNDS, so a town winning more grants or more circuit-breaker reimbursement shows a higher ratio without its taxpayers doing anything; and the foundation budget is itself widely argued to understate what some costs — special education and health insurance above all — actually run to.",
   "see": [
    {
     "label": "Per-pupil spending, in full",
     "slug": "/analysis/per-pupil-spending"
    },
    {
     "label": "What the state actually sends",
     "slug": "/state-aid"
    }
   ],
   "so_what": "At the middle ratio Lunenburg would spend $2,646 more per pupil."
  },
  {
   "basis": "DESE per-pupil total expenditures at SY2025 and DLS bills at FY2026 over the 161-town frame; the ten nearest by root-mean z-distance on the eight structural measures.",
   "bearing": "sizes",
   "claim": "9 of 10 towns most like Lunenburg spend more per pupil than Lunenburg does.",
   "detail": "The 10 towns are picked by the MATH, not by geography: the closest to Lunenburg on eight things a town does not choose — how many children it has, how many are from low-income families, are learning English or have a disability, how many are placed in schools outside the district, what the average house is worth, income per head, and how much of the tax base is business rather than housing. Spending and tax bills are deliberately left OUT of that matching, so they can be compared afterwards instead of assumed. Lunenburg spends $18,027 per pupil, which is 158th of 161; the ten run from $17,188 to $26,738. Separately, 7 of those same ten have a SMALLER average single-family tax bill than Lunenburg’s $7,444.",
   "figure": "more",
   "figures": {
    "bill": {
     "text": "$7,444",
     "unit": "",
     "value": 7444.0
    },
    "cheaper": {
     "text": "7",
     "unit": "",
     "value": 7
    },
    "eight": {
     "text": "eight",
     "unit": "",
     "value": 8
    },
    "more": {
     "text": "9 of 10",
     "unit": "towns most like Lunenburg that spend more per pupil than it does — matched on what they ARE, not what they spend",
     "value": 9
    },
    "n": {
     "text": "161",
     "unit": "",
     "value": 161
    },
    "pp": {
     "text": "$18,027",
     "unit": "",
     "value": 18027.0
    },
    "pp_hi": {
     "text": "$26,738",
     "unit": "",
     "value": 26738.0
    },
    "pp_lo": {
     "text": "$17,188",
     "unit": "",
     "value": 17188.0
    },
    "pp_rank": {
     "text": "158th",
     "unit": "",
     "value": 158
    },
    "tw": {
     "text": "10",
     "unit": "",
     "value": 10
    }
   },
   "id": "the-look-alikes-spend-more",
   "kind": "measured",
   "literals": [],
   "not_shown": "That any of them educates a child better or worse. Per-pupil spending is money in, not results out. It is also ALL FUNDS — state aid, grants and reimbursements are inside it — so a town spending more per pupil is not necessarily taxing its residents more to do it. And see the next card: most of this gap is the number of pupils, not the number of dollars.",
   "see": [
    {
     "label": "Per-pupil spending, in full",
     "slug": "/analysis/per-pupil-spending"
    }
   ],
   "so_what": "7 of those same 10 also have a smaller average tax bill than Lunenburg."
  },
  {
   "basis": "DESE per-pupil total expenditures multiplied by total FTE pupils, SY2011 and SY2025, per district; compound annual rate over 14 years.",
   "bearing": "sizes",
   "claim": "Lunenburg’s TOTAL school spending grew 3.2% a year — 7th fastest of these 11 towns.",
   "detail": "Per-pupil spending is a fraction, and the gap on the card above is mostly its bottom half. Total school spending — per-pupil multiplied by pupils, which is DESE’s own arithmetic run backwards — grew 3.2% a year at Lunenburg between SY2011 and SY2025, against 2.2% to 4.6% across the same 10 look-alike towns. That puts Lunenburg 7th of 11: the middle. What separates them is children. Lunenburg’s enrolment fell 5.1% over those years; 10 of the 10 look-alikes fell further, one of them by 34.4%. A town that loses a quarter of its pupils and holds its spending flat shows a large rise in spending PER PUPIL without spending another dollar.",
   "figure": "total_cagr",
   "figures": {
    "base_sy": {
     "text": "SY2011",
     "unit": "",
     "value": 2011
    },
    "enr": {
     "text": "5.1%",
     "unit": "",
     "value": 5.087739288969916
    },
    "g_rank": {
     "text": "7th",
     "unit": "",
     "value": 7
    },
    "group": {
     "text": "11",
     "unit": "",
     "value": 11
    },
    "hi": {
     "text": "4.6%",
     "unit": "",
     "value": 4.633371932688357
    },
    "lo": {
     "text": "2.2%",
     "unit": "",
     "value": 2.197767908524728
    },
    "lost_more": {
     "text": "10",
     "unit": "",
     "value": 10
    },
    "sy": {
     "text": "SY2025",
     "unit": "",
     "value": 2025
    },
    "total_cagr": {
     "text": "3.2%",
     "unit": "a year growth in Lunenburg’s TOTAL school spending since SY2011 — the middle of its ten look-alike towns",
     "value": 3.1523202430505215
    },
    "tw": {
     "text": "10",
     "unit": "",
     "value": 10
    },
    "worst": {
     "text": "34.4%",
     "unit": "",
     "value": 34.38414771447873
    }
   },
   "id": "the-denominator-does-most-of-it",
   "kind": "measured",
   "literals": [],
   "not_shown": "Why Lunenburg held its enrolment while these towns did not — births, housing turnover, school choice and who gets counted all move that number and none is separated here. Total spending is also all funds, so part of the growth is state aid and grants rather than anything the town levied.",
   "see": [
    {
     "label": "Who is in the schools",
     "slug": "/analysis/enrollment"
    }
   ],
   "so_what": "It kept its pupils. The look-alikes lost up to 34.4%, which lifts per-pupil without spending more."
  },
  {
   "basis": "Both lists computed over the same 161-town frame; the two closest-10 lists intersected, then the two closest-25 lists.",
   "bearing": "sizes",
   "claim": "Not one of the 10 towns that most resemble Lunenburg also behaves most like it.",
   "detail": "Two lists were built from the same 161 towns. The first is the 10 closest on what a town IS — its children, their needs, its houses, its incomes, its business base. The second is the 10 closest on what a town DOES — the size of the tax bill, the bill as a share of what people earn, spending per pupil, how many override questions it has put to voters and won, and the trend in each. The two lists have no town in common. Widen each to 25 and 9 towns appear on both. The nearest on what it IS is Swansea; the nearest on what it DOES is Auburn.",
   "figure": "overlap",
   "figures": {
    "n": {
     "text": "161",
     "unit": "",
     "value": 161
    },
    "overlap": {
     "text": "Not one",
     "unit": "of the 10 towns that most RESEMBLE Lunenburg is also one of the 10 that BEHAVE most like it",
     "value": 0
    },
    "ten": {
     "text": "10",
     "unit": "",
     "value": 10
    },
    "ten2": {
     "text": "10",
     "unit": "",
     "value": 10
    },
    "twentyfive": {
     "text": "25",
     "unit": "",
     "value": 25
    },
    "wide": {
     "text": "9",
     "unit": "",
     "value": 9
    }
   },
   "id": "look-alikes-are-not-act-alikes",
   "kind": "measured",
   "literals": [],
   "not_shown": "That either list is the right one. A distance is a statement about the measures chosen, given equal weight, and a different weighting gives different towns. What the empty overlap does establish is that \"a town like ours\" has no single answer — so anybody citing one should say which kind they mean.",
   "see": [],
   "so_what": "Who counts as “a town like ours” depends entirely on which question you ask."
  },
  {
   "basis": "dls-override-votes.csv, wins per town, grouped against the FY2026 average single-family bill in dls-avg-tax-bill.csv over the 161-town frame.",
   "bearing": "sizes",
   "claim": "Towns that have won 3 or more overrides average a $10,641 tax bill; towns with none, $6,809.",
   "detail": "Of the 161 towns here, 62 have never won a Proposition 2½ override and their average single-family bill is $6,809. The 61 that have won 3 or more average $10,641. Lunenburg has put 10 questions to its voters since FY1990 and won 4, raising $2,010,875 of permanent levy capacity. An override is not a one-year charge: it lifts the ceiling on what the town may levy for good, and that ceiling then grows 2.5% a year from wherever it was left. That is what the statute does, and it is why a vote taken decades ago is still inside today’s bill.",
   "figure": "bill_many",
   "figures": {
    "bill_many": {
     "text": "$10,641",
     "unit": "the average single-family tax bill in towns that have won 3 or more overrides — against $6,809 where none has ever passed",
     "value": 10641
    },
    "bill_none": {
     "text": "$6,809",
     "unit": "",
     "value": 6809
    },
    "n": {
     "text": "161",
     "unit": "",
     "value": 161
    },
    "n_many": {
     "text": "61",
     "unit": "",
     "value": 61
    },
    "n_none": {
     "text": "62",
     "unit": "",
     "value": 62
    },
    "put": {
     "text": "10",
     "unit": "",
     "value": 10
    },
    "since": {
     "text": "FY1990",
     "unit": "",
     "value": 1990
    },
    "win_cut": {
     "text": "3",
     "unit": "",
     "value": 3
    },
    "won": {
     "text": "4",
     "unit": "",
     "value": 4
    },
    "won_amt": {
     "text": "$2,010,875",
     "unit": "",
     "value": 2010875.0
    }
   },
   "id": "an-override-stays-in-the-bill",
   "kind": "measured",
   "literals": [
    "2.5",
    "2"
   ],
   "not_shown": "WHICH CAUSES WHICH, and here it matters more than anywhere else on this page. A town with a higher bill may pass overrides because its residents can afford them, rather than having a higher bill because it passed them — and wealth would produce both. The gap is equally consistent with either reading. Nor does winning an amount mean the town levied it: an override raises the ceiling, and a town may sit below its own limit.",
   "see": [
    {
     "label": "The FY27 override",
     "slug": "/analysis/fy27-and-the-override"
    }
   ],
   "so_what": "An override lifts the levy ceiling for good, so a vote from decades ago is still in the bill."
  },
  {
   "basis": "dese-town-enrollment.csv, Lunenburg rows at FY2026, grouped by what kind of district each destination is.",
   "bearing": "sizes",
   "claim": "Only 32 of 177 children schooled outside Lunenburg attend a school one town funds.",
   "detail": "In FY2026, 177 children living in Lunenburg were enrolled somewhere other than Lunenburg’s own schools, out of 1,730 in all. 97 of them are at Montachusett Regional Vocational Technical, which Lunenburg is a member town of and pays an assessment to — so those children have not left the town’s bill, they are on a different line of it. 38 are at charter or state-run online schools, which no single town funds. 10 are in regional districts whose cost is split across member towns with different tax bills. That leaves 32 at schools one town’s taxpayers pay for — the only ones where a tax bill can honestly be set beside a per-pupil figure.",
   "figure": "one_town",
   "figures": {
    "assessed": {
     "text": "97",
     "unit": "",
     "value": 97
    },
    "fy": {
     "text": "FY2026",
     "unit": "",
     "value": 2026
    },
    "left": {
     "text": "177",
     "unit": "",
     "value": 177
    },
    "no_town": {
     "text": "38",
     "unit": "",
     "value": 38
    },
    "one_town": {
     "text": "32 of 177",
     "unit": "children schooled outside Lunenburg whose school is paid for by one town’s taxpayers",
     "value": 32
    },
    "one_town_n": {
     "text": "32",
     "unit": "",
     "value": 32
    },
    "regional": {
     "text": "10",
     "unit": "",
     "value": 10
    },
    "total": {
     "text": "1,730",
     "unit": "",
     "value": 1730
    }
   },
   "id": "where-the-children-actually-go",
   "kind": "measured",
   "literals": [],
   "not_shown": "What any of it costs. A count of children is not a tuition, a charter assessment or a share of a regional assessment — and nothing here says which fund pays. Nor why a family chose a school: the file records an enrolment and nothing else.",
   "see": [
    {
     "label": "The Monty Tech assessment",
     "slug": "/analysis/monty-tech"
    },
    {
     "label": "What the destinations spend",
     "slug": "/analysis/per-pupil-spending"
    }
   ],
   "so_what": "97 are at Monty Tech, which Lunenburg pays into; 38 at charter or online schools."
  },
  {
   "basis": "dls-override-votes.csv, override rows only, counted per town over every year the file covers.",
   "bearing": "sizes",
   "claim": "Ashby has asked its voters for an override 60 times and won 7. Lunenburg: 10 and 4.",
   "detail": "Across the six towns that share a border with Lunenburg, the number of Proposition 2½ questions put to voters since FY1990 runs from 0 to 60. Ashby is the highest, with 60 questions and 7 wins; Leominster has never asked once. Lunenburg has put 10 and won 4. These towns are next to each other, their school costs move with the same contracts and the same state aid formula, and how often they ask their voters for more differs by a factor of 6.",
   "figure": "loud_put",
   "figures": {
    "factor": {
     "text": "6",
     "unit": "",
     "value": 6.0
    },
    "hi": {
     "text": "60",
     "unit": "",
     "value": 60
    },
    "lo": {
     "text": "0",
     "unit": "",
     "value": 0
    },
    "loud_put": {
     "text": "60",
     "unit": "override questions Ashby has put to its voters since FY1990, of which 7 passed — Lunenburg has put 10 and passed 4",
     "value": 60
    },
    "loud_won": {
     "text": "7",
     "unit": "",
     "value": 7
    },
    "lun_put": {
     "text": "10",
     "unit": "",
     "value": 10
    },
    "lun_won": {
     "text": "4",
     "unit": "",
     "value": 4
    },
    "since": {
     "text": "FY1990",
     "unit": "",
     "value": 1990
    }
   },
   "id": "the-neighbours-vote-nothing-alike",
   "kind": "measured",
   "literals": [
    "2"
   ],
   "not_shown": "What a question was FOR. The file gives a department and a description, and a town that asks nine times for a fire truck is not a town that asks nine times for teachers. Nor does a low count mean a town never needed the money: it may have cut instead, or used a debt exclusion, which sits outside the levy limit and is not in this file at all.",
   "see": [
    {
     "label": "The FY27 override",
     "slug": "/analysis/fy27-and-the-override"
    }
   ],
   "so_what": "Leominster has never asked once. Neighbours under the same costs behave completely differently."
  }
 ],
 "correlations": [
  {
   "key": "value_bill",
   "label": "average home value → tax bill",
   "r": 0.9120563258858301,
   "text": "+0.91"
  },
  {
   "key": "income_bill",
   "label": "income per capita → tax bill",
   "r": 0.9169242357814833,
   "text": "+0.92"
  },
  {
   "key": "pp_bill",
   "label": "per-pupil spending → tax bill",
   "r": 0.2884460137572086,
   "text": "+0.29"
  },
  {
   "key": "won_bill",
   "label": "overrides won → tax bill",
   "r": 0.6124849354039643,
   "text": "+0.61"
  },
  {
   "key": "cip_bill",
   "label": "commercial share → tax bill",
   "r": -0.37724289541227524,
   "text": "-0.38"
  },
  {
   "key": "cip_ng",
   "label": "commercial share → new growth",
   "r": 0.41263494576796983,
   "text": "+0.41"
  },
  {
   "key": "ng_bill",
   "label": "new growth → tax bill",
   "r": -0.02696681810978444,
   "text": "-0.03"
  },
  {
   "key": "enr_pp",
   "label": "enrolment change → per-pupil growth",
   "r": -0.5568332806710429,
   "text": "-0.56"
  }
 ],
 "destinations": [
  {
   "district": "Lunenburg",
   "kind": "own",
   "students": 1553
  },
  {
   "district": "Montachusett Regional Vocational Technical",
   "kind": "assessed",
   "students": 97
  },
  {
   "district": "Leominster",
   "kind": "one-town",
   "students": 18
  },
  {
   "district": "Francis W. Parker Charter Essential (District)",
   "kind": "no-town",
   "students": 15
  },
  {
   "district": "Fitchburg",
   "kind": "one-town",
   "students": 8
  },
  {
   "district": "Greater Commonwealth Virtual District",
   "kind": "no-town",
   "students": 8
  },
  {
   "district": "TEC Connections Academy Commonwealth Virtual School District",
   "kind": "no-town",
   "students": 8
  },
  {
   "district": "Sizer School: A North Central Charter Essential (District)",
   "kind": "no-town",
   "students": 7
  },
  {
   "district": "Nashoba",
   "kind": "regional",
   "students": 4
  },
  {
   "district": "Harvard",
   "kind": "one-town",
   "students": 3
  },
  {
   "district": "Gardner",
   "kind": "one-town",
   "students": 2
  },
  {
   "district": "Ayer Shirley School District",
   "kind": "regional",
   "students": 2
  },
  {
   "district": "Littleton",
   "kind": "one-town",
   "students": 1
  },
  {
   "district": "Berlin-Boylston",
   "kind": "regional",
   "students": 1
  },
  {
   "district": "Groton-Dunstable",
   "kind": "regional",
   "students": 1
  },
  {
   "district": "North Middlesex",
   "kind": "regional",
   "students": 1
  },
  {
   "district": "Ralph C Mahar",
   "kind": "regional",
   "students": 1
  }
 ],
 "distributions": [
  {
   "hi": 29538.9,
   "key": "pupils",
   "kind": "count",
   "label": "Pupils in the district",
   "lo": 368.9,
   "lunenburg": 1665.9,
   "marks": [
    {
     "town": "Lunenburg",
     "value": 1665.9
    },
    {
     "town": "Fitchburg",
     "value": 5948.8
    },
    {
     "town": "Leominster",
     "value": 6520.3
    },
    {
     "town": "Harvard",
     "value": 1065.4
    },
    {
     "town": "Littleton",
     "value": 1720.5
    },
    {
     "town": "Westford",
     "value": 4699.3
    }
   ],
   "median": 2778.8,
   "n": 161,
   "note": "full-time-equivalent pupils, SY2025",
   "p25": 1889.3,
   "p75": 4620.0,
   "rank": 128,
   "values": [
    368.9,
    604.4,
    617.9,
    679.7,
    733.8,
    754.8,
    764.7,
    772.4,
    798.5,
    898.1,
    958.0,
    1065.4,
    1165.6,
    1168.5,
    1219.8,
    1226.6,
    1253.2,
    1272.0,
    1325.5,
    1337.8,
    1354.6,
    1367.7,
    1392.4,
    1411.8,
    1425.1,
    1443.6,
    1540.5,
    1578.0,
    1589.2,
    1594.1,
    1629.0,
    1638.1,
    1660.5,
    1665.9,
    1714.2,
    1720.5,
    1788.6,
    1790.5,
    1790.7,
    1799.8,
    1889.3,
    1950.4,
    1971.3,
    2020.7,
    2050.4,
    2053.6,
    2073.0,
    2075.5,
    2089.4,
    2190.7,
    2204.2,
    2206.8,
    2216.8,
    2235.4,
    2240.1,
    2248.7,
    2265.1,
    2291.8,
    2312.6,
    2329.4,
    2329.4,
    2362.4,
    2365.3,
    2384.4,
    2447.2,
    2475.5,
    2481.9,
    2510.5,
    2533.9,
    2541.8,
    2577.8,
    2616.9,
    2622.0,
    2632.2,
    2658.8,
    2692.7,
    2736.0,
    2736.7,
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    2777.3,
    2778.8,
    2790.4,
    2825.1,
    2851.2,
    2868.0,
    2957.5,
    3053.4,
    3077.3,
    3082.2,
    3133.1,
    3219.8,
    3371.8,
    3371.9,
    3376.0,
    3388.2,
    3396.7,
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    3446.5,
    3513.9,
    3600.4,
    3618.1,
    3637.4,
    3653.7,
    3662.4,
    3705.8,
    3744.6,
    3850.8,
    3868.9,
    3871.8,
    3899.9,
    4024.5,
    4048.2,
    4184.6,
    4211.2,
    4294.3,
    4440.4,
    4459.6,
    4484.4,
    4587.4,
    4605.0,
    4620.0,
    4651.4,
    4699.3,
    4714.4,
    4890.3,
    5023.1,
    5077.5,
    5167.0,
    5275.8,
    5385.8,
    5408.3,
    5481.0,
    5565.3,
    5597.2,
    5760.7,
    5948.8,
    5950.3,
    6034.6,
    6092.7,
    6148.3,
    6230.1,
    6512.8,
    6520.3,
    6896.8,
    6904.3,
    7435.4,
    7445.3,
    8043.4,
    8599.8,
    8827.2,
    9574.9,
    10060.6,
    11804.3,
    13338.0,
    14670.5,
    15692.6,
    17350.4,
    17364.4,
    18589.3,
    28116.4,
    29538.9
   ]
  },
  {
   "hi": 33702.0,
   "key": "per_pupil",
   "kind": "usd",
   "label": "Spent per pupil",
   "lo": 17188.0,
   "lunenburg": 18027.0,
   "marks": [
    {
     "town": "Lunenburg",
     "value": 18027.0
    },
    {
     "town": "Fitchburg",
     "value": 22714.0
    },
    {
     "town": "Leominster",
     "value": 20182.0
    },
    {
     "town": "Harvard",
     "value": 25565.0
    },
    {
     "town": "Littleton",
     "value": 21367.0
    },
    {
     "town": "Westford",
     "value": 20042.0
    }
   ],
   "median": 22308.0,
   "n": 161,
   "note": "all funds, SY2025",
   "p25": 20820.0,
   "p75": 24394.0,
   "rank": 158,
   "values": [
    17188.0,
    17315.0,
    17941.0,
    18027.0,
    18581.0,
    18633.0,
    18747.0,
    18856.0,
    18939.0,
    19035.0,
    19065.0,
    19190.0,
    19375.0,
    19411.0,
    19412.0,
    19415.0,
    19554.0,
    19568.0,
    19624.0,
    19709.0,
    19715.0,
    19741.0,
    19742.0,
    19775.0,
    19876.0,
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    20069.0,
    20121.0,
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    20401.0,
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    20650.0,
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    20718.0,
    20727.0,
    20820.0,
    20853.0,
    20938.0,
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    20990.0,
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    21017.0,
    21082.0,
    21115.0,
    21210.0,
    21225.0,
    21277.0,
    21363.0,
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    21491.0,
    21512.0,
    21530.0,
    21599.0,
    21605.0,
    21645.0,
    21704.0,
    21722.0,
    21799.0,
    21812.0,
    21923.0,
    21935.0,
    21971.0,
    21972.0,
    21999.0,
    22036.0,
    22082.0,
    22105.0,
    22137.0,
    22274.0,
    22276.0,
    22308.0,
    22331.0,
    22442.0,
    22479.0,
    22508.0,
    22536.0,
    22539.0,
    22608.0,
    22618.0,
    22644.0,
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  "South Hadley": {
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  "Sutton": {
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  "Swampscott": {
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  "Swansea": {
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  "Taunton": {
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  "Tewksbury": {
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  "Townsend": {
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  "Tyngsborough": {
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  "Uxbridge": {
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  "Wakefield": {
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  "Walpole": {
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  "Ware": {
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  "Wareham": {
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  "Wayland": {
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  "Webster": {
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  "Wellesley": {
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  "West Boylston": {
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  "West Bridgewater": {
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  "West Springfield": {
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  "Westborough": {
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  "Westfield": {
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  "Westford": {
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  "Weston": {
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  "Westport": {
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  "Westwood": {
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  "Weymouth": {
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  "Wilmington": {
   "foundation": 44155102,
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  "Winchendon": {
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  "Winchester": {
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  "Winthrop": {
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  "Woburn": {
   "foundation": 78778793,
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   "required_pp": 13328,
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  "Worcester": {
   "foundation": 547442459,
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 },
 "frame_size": 161,
 "funding": [
  {
   "above_foundation": 12451,
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   "town": "Harvard"
  },
  {
   "above_foundation": 11566,
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   "per_pupil": 26738,
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   "required": 11075,
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   "town": "Maynard"
  },
  {
   "above_foundation": 8345,
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   "per_pupil": 21367,
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   "required": 10598,
   "state_share": 18.6,
   "town": "Littleton"
  },
  {
   "above_foundation": 7976,
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   "per_pupil": 21722,
   "pupils": 2476,
   "required": 10871,
   "state_share": 20.9,
   "town": "Pembroke"
  },
  {
   "above_foundation": 7856,
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   "from_business": 963,
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   "from_state": 2516,
   "per_pupil": 21277,
   "pupils": 1227,
   "required": 10906,
   "state_share": 18.7,
   "town": "Georgetown"
  },
  {
   "above_foundation": 7270,
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   "required": 11337,
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   "town": "Sutton"
  },
  {
   "above_foundation": 7078,
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   "required": 9399,
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   "town": "Douglas"
  },
  {
   "above_foundation": 6990,
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   "per_pupil": 20042,
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   "required": 10220,
   "state_share": 21.7,
   "town": "Westford"
  },
  {
   "above_foundation": 6012,
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   "per_pupil": 20614,
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   "required": 9507,
   "state_share": 34.9,
   "town": "Swansea"
  },
  {
   "above_foundation": 4838,
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   "required": 8149,
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   "town": "East Bridgewater"
  },
  {
   "above_foundation": 4038,
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  },
  {
   "above_foundation": 3838,
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   "per_pupil": 18027,
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   "required": 8571,
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   "town": "Lunenburg"
  },
  {
   "above_foundation": 3516,
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   "per_pupil": 22714,
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   "required": 4224,
   "state_share": 78.0,
   "town": "Fitchburg"
  },
  {
   "above_foundation": 2774,
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   "from_state": 5755,
   "per_pupil": 19065,
   "pupils": 1789,
   "required": 10535,
   "state_share": 35.3,
   "town": "Fairhaven"
  },
  {
   "above_foundation": 1999,
   "foundation": 18183,
   "from_business": 1075,
   "from_homes": 5228,
   "from_state": 11879,
   "per_pupil": 20182,
   "pupils": 6520,
   "required": 6304,
   "state_share": 65.3,
   "town": "Leominster"
  },
  {
   "above_foundation": 1296,
   "foundation": 15892,
   "from_business": 635,
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   "from_state": 7716,
   "per_pupil": 17188,
   "pupils": 3851,
   "required": 8176,
   "state_share": 48.6,
   "town": "Dracut"
  }
 ],
 "fy": 2026,
 "generated_by": "scripts/build_town_comparison.py",
 "grain": "Two calendars, never mixed. Tax figures are FY2026, the last year the Division of Local Services has a rate for every town: an AVERAGE single-family bill on an AVERAGE single-family assessment, which is not any one house. School figures are SY2025, the last year DESE has published spending: dollars per full-time-equivalent pupil, ALL FUNDS, so state aid and grants are inside it and it is not what the town raises. An override row is a question PUT to a ballot, not a dollar levied.",
 "heatmap": {
  "measures": [
   {
    "covered": 351,
    "hi": 26313.0,
    "key": "bill",
    "kind": "usd",
    "label": "Average tax bill on a home",
    "lo": 835.0,
    "lunenburg": 7444.0,
    "median": 6755.0,
    "note": "all 351 towns, FY2026",
    "values": {
     "Abington": 7536.0,
     "Acton": 15220.0,
     "Acushnet": 5244.0,
     "Adams": 4138.0,
     "Agawam": 5190.0,
     "Alford": 5191.0,
     "Amesbury": 9868.0,
     "Amherst": 9957.0,
     "Andover": 13176.0,
     "Aquinnah": 12677.0,
     "Arlington": 11947.0,
     "Ashburnham": 6246.0,
     "Ashby": 6225.0,
     "Ashfield": 5518.0,
     "Ashland": 9372.0,
     "Athol": 3924.0,
     "Attleboro": 6304.0,
     "Auburn": 6307.0,
     "Avon": 7643.0,
     "Ayer": 6625.0,
     "Barnstable": 5599.0,
     "Barre": 5053.0,
     "Becket": 3670.0,
     "Bedford": 12985.0,
     "Belchertown": 6622.0,
     "Bellingham": 6073.0,
     "Belmont": 19579.0,
     "Berkley": 6985.0,
     "Berlin": 9951.0,
     "Bernardston": 5019.0,
     "Beverly": 8834.0,
     "Billerica": 7484.0,
     "Blackstone": 6843.0,
     "Blandford": 4680.0,
     "Bolton": 15643.0,
     "Boston": 7627.0,
     "Bourne": 6075.0,
     "Boxborough": 14372.0,
     "Boxford": 13673.0,
     "Boylston": 9379.0,
     "Braintree": 7306.0,
     "Brewster": 6544.0,
     "Bridgewater": 7420.0,
     "Brimfield": 5469.0,
     "Brockton": 5591.0,
     "Brookfield": 5409.0,
     "Brookline": 26237.0,
     "Buckland": 5804.0,
     "Burlington": 7128.0,
     "Cambridge": 13680.0,
     "Canton": 8468.0,
     "Carlisle": 17379.0,
     "Carver": 7448.0,
     "Charlemont": 4976.0,
     "Charlton": 5345.0,
     "Chatham": 6381.0,
     "Chelmsford": 9219.0,
     "Chelsea": 4214.0,
     "Cheshire": 3586.0,
     "Chester": 4458.0,
     "Chesterfield": 5767.0,
     "Chicopee": 4580.0,
     "Chilmark": 8024.0,
     "Clarksburg": 3295.0,
     "Clinton": 6038.0,
     "Cohasset": 16814.0,
     "Colrain": 4791.0,
     "Concord": 20517.0,
     "Conway": 6335.0,
     "Cummington": 4575.0,
     "Dalton": 6011.0,
     "Danvers": 7780.0,
     "Dartmouth": 5276.0,
     "Dedham": 9974.0,
     "Deerfield": 6283.0,
     "Dennis": 3873.0,
     "Dighton": 6689.0,
     "Douglas": 6298.0,
     "Dover": 19088.0,
     "Dracut": 5737.0,
     "Dudley": 4526.0,
     "Dunstable": 9982.0,
     "Duxbury": 12963.0,
     "East Bridgewater": 7410.0,
     "East Brookfield": 5001.0,
     "East Longmeadow": 8126.0,
     "Eastham": 6664.0,
     "Easthampton": 5562.0,
     "Easton": 9441.0,
     "Edgartown": 6721.0,
     "Egremont": 5573.0,
     "Erving": 2772.0,
     "Essex": 11957.0,
     "Everett": 5887.0,
     "Fairhaven": 4374.0,
     "Fall River": 4651.0,
     "Falmouth": 5881.0,
     "Fitchburg": 5189.0,
     "Florida": 2006.0,
     "Foxborough": 9016.0,
     "Framingham": 8061.0,
     "Franklin": 8353.0,
     "Freetown": 5501.0,
     "Gardner": 5052.0,
     "Georgetown": 10314.0,
     "Gill": 5029.0,
     "Gloucester": 9502.0,
     "Goshen": 5062.0,
     "Gosnold": 3415.0,
     "Grafton": 9086.0,
     "Granby": 6381.0,
     "Granville": 5059.0,
     "Great Barrington": 8444.0,
     "Greenfield": 6063.0,
     "Groton": 11253.0,
     "Groveland": 8799.0,
     "Hadley": 5454.0,
     "Halifax": 7493.0,
     "Hamilton": 13093.0,
     "Hampden": 6963.0,
     "Hancock": 835.0,
     "Hanover": 10149.0,
     "Hanson": 7111.0,
     "Hardwick": 4852.0,
     "Harvard": 14562.0,
     "Harwich": 5872.0,
     "Hatfield": 6735.0,
     "Haverhill": 5962.0,
     "Hawley": 4648.0,
     "Heath": 5067.0,
     "Hingham": 14313.0,
     "Hinsdale": 4375.0,
     "Holbrook": 6468.0,
     "Holden": 7469.0,
     "Holland": 4647.0,
     "Holliston": 10566.0,
     "Holyoke": 5319.0,
     "Hopedale": 8808.0,
     "Hopkinton": 14021.0,
     "Hubbardston": 4947.0,
     "Hudson": 8624.0,
     "Hull": 7795.0,
     "Huntington": 4714.0,
     "Ipswich": 9733.0,
     "Kingston": 8714.0,
     "Lakeville": 6097.0,
     "Lancaster": 9373.0,
     "Lanesborough": 6135.0,
     "Lawrence": 4140.0,
     "Lee": 4813.0,
     "Leicester": 5026.0,
     "Lenox": 6621.0,
     "Leominster": 6489.0,
     "Leverett": 7852.0,
     "Lexington": 20394.0,
     "Leyden": 5127.0,
     "Lincoln": 20738.0,
     "Littleton": 10800.0,
     "Longmeadow": 10915.0,
     "Lowell": 5844.0,
     "Ludlow": 5923.0,
     "Lunenburg": 7444.0,
     "Lynn": 6031.0,
     "Lynnfield": 12381.0,
     "Malden": 4952.0,
     "Manchester By The Sea": 16371.0,
     "Mansfield": 8968.0,
     "Marblehead": 11055.0,
     "Marion": 8908.0,
     "Marlborough": 6441.0,
     "Marshfield": 7731.0,
     "Mashpee": 6346.0,
     "Mattapoisett": 8244.0,
     "Maynard": 10081.0,
     "Medfield": 13904.0,
     "Medford": 7427.0,
     "Medway": 9786.0,
     "Melrose": 9787.0,
     "Mendon": 8781.0,
     "Merrimac": 8778.0,
     "Methuen": 6037.0,
     "Middleborough": 6994.0,
     "Middlefield": 4392.0,
     "Middleton": 12219.0,
     "Milford": 6735.0,
     "Millbury": 6540.0,
     "Millis": 10230.0,
     "Millville": 5762.0,
     "Milton": 12769.0,
     "Monroe": 1859.0,
     "Monson": 5265.0,
     "Montague": 4928.0,
     "Monterey": 5815.0,
     "Montgomery": 4822.0,
     "Mount Washington": 3720.0,
     "Nahant": 9654.0,
     "Nantucket": 9904.0,
     "Natick": 11413.0,
     "Needham": 16690.0,
     "New Ashford": 2795.0,
     "New Bedford": 4653.0,
     "New Braintree": 5884.0,
     "New Marlborough": 5050.0,
     "New Salem": 4951.0,
     "Newbury": 7201.0,
     "Newburyport": 10249.0,
     "Newton": 17077.0,
     "Norfolk": 11718.0,
     "North Adams": 3894.0,
     "North Andover": 9531.0,
     "North Attleborough": 6931.0,
     "North Brookfield": 4767.0,
     "North Reading": 11495.0,
     "Northampton": 7801.0,
     "Northborough": 10461.0,
     "Northbridge": 5922.0,
     "Northfield": 4537.0,
     "Norton": 7367.0,
     "Norwell": 13675.0,
     "Norwood": 7065.0,
     "Oak Bluffs": 6996.0,
     "Oakham": 4888.0,
     "Orange": 4910.0,
     "Orleans": 8969.0,
     "Otis": 3365.0,
     "Oxford": 5192.0,
     "Palmer": 5014.0,
     "Paxton": 7989.0,
     "Peabody": 6411.0,
     "Pelham": 9213.0,
     "Pembroke": 7521.0,
     "Pepperell": 7578.0,
     "Peru": 4689.0,
     "Petersham": 5707.0,
     "Phillipston": 4724.0,
     "Pittsfield": 5518.0,
     "Plainfield": 4801.0,
     "Plainville": 6958.0,
     "Plymouth": 7731.0,
     "Plympton": 9007.0,
     "Princeton": 8050.0,
     "Provincetown": 11185.0,
     "Quincy": 8250.0,
     "Randolph": 6328.0,
     "Raynham": 7283.0,
     "Reading": 10300.0,
     "Rehoboth": 6623.0,
     "Revere": 5574.0,
     "Richmond": 6630.0,
     "Rochester": 6745.0,
     "Rockland": 7603.0,
     "Rockport": 8548.0,
     "Rowe": 1661.0,
     "Rowley": 9235.0,
     "Royalston": 3507.0,
     "Russell": 5854.0,
     "Rutland": 6630.0,
     "Salem": 7285.0,
     "Salisbury": 6126.0,
     "Sandisfield": 3489.0,
     "Sandwich": 7818.0,
     "Saugus": 7126.0,
     "Savoy": 3995.0,
     "Scituate": 10191.0,
     "Seekonk": 6852.0,
     "Sharon": 14353.0,
     "Sheffield": 5809.0,
     "Shelburne": 5146.0,
     "Sherborn": 20018.0,
     "Shirley": 6490.0,
     "Shrewsbury": 8753.0,
     "Shutesbury": 6763.0,
     "Somerset": 6278.0,
     "Somerville": 9376.0,
     "South Hadley": 5639.0,
     "Southampton": 6413.0,
     "Southborough": 14230.0,
     "Southbridge": 5070.0,
     "Southwick": 6187.0,
     "Spencer": 4671.0,
     "Springfield": 4254.0,
     "Sterling": 7535.0,
     "Stockbridge": 6284.0,
     "Stoneham": 8059.0,
     "Stoughton": 7157.0,
     "Stow": 14113.0,
     "Sturbridge": 7870.0,
     "Sudbury": 16625.0,
     "Sunderland": 5947.0,
     "Sutton": 7247.0,
     "Swampscott": 11478.0,
     "Swansea": 5623.0,
     "Taunton": 5540.0,
     "Templeton": 4490.0,
     "Tewksbury": 8608.0,
     "Tisbury": 12513.0,
     "Tolland": 3196.0,
     "Topsfield": 14483.0,
     "Townsend": 6459.0,
     "Truro": 8064.0,
     "Tyngsborough": 8340.0,
     "Tyringham": 4547.0,
     "Upton": 8759.0,
     "Uxbridge": 6814.0,
     "Wakefield": 9628.0,
     "Wales": 4588.0,
     "Walpole": 10346.0,
     "Waltham": 5189.0,
     "Ware": 4770.0,
     "Wareham": 4087.0,
     "Warren": 4580.0,
     "Warwick": 4795.0,
     "Washington": 5204.0,
     "Watertown": 8094.0,
     "Wayland": 18259.0,
     "Webster": 5474.0,
     "Wellesley": 20551.0,
     "Wellfleet": 7384.0,
     "Wendell": 5565.0,
     "Wenham": 16164.0,
     "West Boylston": 7621.0,
     "West Bridgewater": 7433.0,
     "West Brookfield": 4446.0,
     "West Newbury": 9893.0,
     "West Springfield": 5041.0,
     "West Stockbridge": 6943.0,
     "West Tisbury": 8862.0,
     "Westborough": 12900.0,
     "Westfield": 5787.0,
     "Westford": 11171.0,
     "Westhampton": 7149.0,
     "Westminster": 5992.0,
     "Weston": 26313.0,
     "Westport": 4931.0,
     "Westwood": 16097.0,
     "Weymouth": 6208.0,
     "Whately": 5850.0,
     "Whitman": 6861.0,
     "Wilbraham": 8186.0,
     "Williamsburg": 6968.0,
     "Williamstown": 7996.0,
     "Wilmington": 8661.0,
     "Winchendon": 4720.0,
     "Winchester": 18272.0,
     "Windsor": 2846.0,
     "Winthrop": 8293.0,
     "Woburn": 6755.0,
     "Worcester": 5446.0,
     "Worthington": 5327.0,
     "Wrentham": 8307.0,
     "Yarmouth": 4949.0
    }
   },
   {
    "covered": 351,
    "hi": 2.05,
    "key": "effort_value",
    "kind": "pct2",
    "label": "The bill as a share of what the home is worth",
    "lo": 0.22,
    "lunenburg": 1.44,
    "median": 1.24,
    "note": "the effective tax rate — what a resident pays per dollar of house, which the dollar bill cannot show; all 351 towns, FY2026",
    "values": {
     "Abington": 1.28,
     "Acton": 1.62,
     "Acushnet": 1.05,
     "Adams": 1.56,
     "Agawam": 1.41,
     "Alford": 0.41,
     "Amesbury": 1.51,
     "Amherst": 1.69,
     "Andover": 1.23,
     "Aquinnah": 0.69,
     "Arlington": 1.07,
     "Ashburnham": 1.49,
     "Ashby": 1.58,
     "Ashfield": 1.42,
     "Ashland": 1.27,
     "Athol": 1.27,
     "Attleboro": 1.22,
     "Auburn": 1.42,
     "Avon": 1.34,
     "Ayer": 1.16,
     "Barnstable": 0.68,
     "Barre": 1.34,
     "Becket": 0.96,
     "Bedford": 1.25,
     "Belchertown": 1.51,
     "Bellingham": 1.24,
     "Belmont": 1.15,
     "Berkley": 1.24,
     "Berlin": 1.41,
     "Bernardston": 1.52,
     "Beverly": 1.08,
     "Billerica": 1.16,
     "Blackstone": 1.47,
     "Blandford": 1.26,
     "Bolton": 1.81,
     "Boston": 1.24,
     "Bourne": 0.76,
     "Boxborough": 1.54,
     "Boxford": 1.35,
     "Boylston": 1.36,
     "Braintree": 1.01,
     "Brewster": 0.68,
     "Bridgewater": 1.2,
     "Brimfield": 1.34,
     "Brockton": 1.16,
     "Brookfield": 1.46,
     "Brookline": 1.02,
     "Buckland": 1.67,
     "Burlington": 0.87,
     "Cambridge": 0.67,
     "Canton": 0.98,
     "Carlisle": 1.28,
     "Carver": 1.36,
     "Charlemont": 1.68,
     "Charlton": 1.09,
     "Chatham": 0.37,
     "Chelmsford": 1.33,
     "Chelsea": 1.15,
     "Cheshire": 1.06,
     "Chester": 1.81,
     "Chesterfield": 1.53,
     "Chicopee": 1.52,
     "Chilmark": 0.23,
     "Clarksburg": 1.23,
     "Clinton": 1.3,
     "Cohasset": 1.14,
     "Colrain": 1.78,
     "Concord": 1.31,
     "Conway": 1.43,
     "Cummington": 1.25,
     "Dalton": 1.69,
     "Danvers": 1.07,
     "Dartmouth": 0.8,
     "Dedham": 1.23,
     "Deerfield": 1.35,
     "Dennis": 0.43,
     "Dighton": 1.25,
     "Douglas": 1.21,
     "Dover": 1.12,
     "Dracut": 0.97,
     "Dudley": 1.01,
     "Dunstable": 1.34,
     "Duxbury": 1.0,
     "East Bridgewater": 1.37,
     "East Brookfield": 1.18,
     "East Longmeadow": 1.94,
     "Eastham": 0.77,
     "Easthampton": 1.33,
     "Easton": 1.26,
     "Edgartown": 0.25,
     "Egremont": 0.66,
     "Erving": 0.96,
     "Essex": 1.3,
     "Everett": 1.26,
     "Fairhaven": 0.92,
     "Fall River": 1.15,
     "Falmouth": 0.57,
     "Fitchburg": 1.33,
     "Florida": 0.83,
     "Foxborough": 1.3,
     "Framingham": 1.18,
     "Franklin": 1.14,
     "Freetown": 0.98,
     "Gardner": 1.38,
     "Georgetown": 1.38,
     "Gill": 1.49,
     "Gloucester": 0.93,
     "Goshen": 1.35,
     "Gosnold": 0.32,
     "Grafton": 1.37,
     "Granby": 1.49,
     "Granville": 1.4,
     "Great Barrington": 1.32,
     "Greenfield": 1.86,
     "Groton": 1.48,
     "Groveland": 1.3,
     "Hadley": 1.15,
     "Halifax": 1.41,
     "Hamilton": 1.5,
     "Hampden": 1.58,
     "Hancock": 0.22,
     "Hanover": 1.25,
     "Hanson": 1.31,
     "Hardwick": 1.27,
     "Harvard": 1.59,
     "Harwich": 0.58,
     "Hatfield": 1.47,
     "Haverhill": 1.06,
     "Hawley": 1.62,
     "Heath": 1.94,
     "Hingham": 1.05,
     "Hinsdale": 1.06,
     "Holbrook": 1.21,
     "Holden": 1.35,
     "Holland": 1.22,
     "Holliston": 1.43,
     "Holyoke": 1.74,
     "Hopedale": 1.63,
     "Hopkinton": 1.41,
     "Hubbardston": 1.12,
     "Hudson": 1.41,
     "Hull": 1.08,
     "Huntington": 1.48,
     "Ipswich": 1.08,
     "Kingston": 1.28,
     "Lakeville": 0.97,
     "Lancaster": 1.69,
     "Lanesborough": 1.73,
     "Lawrence": 0.86,
     "Lee": 1.12,
     "Leicester": 1.11,
     "Lenox": 0.99,
     "Leominster": 1.37,
     "Leverett": 1.57,
     "Lexington": 1.23,
     "Leyden": 1.47,
     "Lincoln": 1.23,
     "Littleton": 1.4,
     "Longmeadow": 1.93,
     "Lowell": 1.14,
     "Ludlow": 1.6,
     "Lunenburg": 1.44,
     "Lynn": 1.03,
     "Lynnfield": 1.15,
     "Malden": 1.14,
     "Manchester By The Sea": 0.87,
     "Mansfield": 1.31,
     "Marblehead": 0.86,
     "Marion": 0.89,
     "Marlborough": 1.05,
     "Marshfield": 0.96,
     "Mashpee": 0.64,
     "Mattapoisett": 1.02,
     "Maynard": 1.66,
     "Medfield": 1.35,
     "Medford": 0.86,
     "Medway": 1.4,
     "Melrose": 1.15,
     "Mendon": 1.33,
     "Merrimac": 1.32,
     "Methuen": 1.04,
     "Middleborough": 1.31,
     "Middlefield": 1.69,
     "Middleton": 1.26,
     "Milford": 1.27,
     "Millbury": 1.29,
     "Millis": 1.53,
     "Millville": 1.22,
     "Milton": 1.18,
     "Monroe": 1.01,
     "Monson": 1.43,
     "Montague": 1.51,
     "Monterey": 0.72,
     "Montgomery": 1.16,
     "Mount Washington": 0.6,
     "Nahant": 0.9,
     "Nantucket": 0.31,
     "Natick": 1.22,
     "Needham": 1.08,
     "New Ashford": 0.57,
     "New Bedford": 1.1,
     "New Braintree": 1.5,
     "New Marlborough": 0.72,
     "New Salem": 1.36,
     "Newbury": 0.75,
     "Newburyport": 0.93,
     "Newton": 0.97,
     "Norfolk": 1.49,
     "North Adams": 1.6,
     "North Andover": 1.12,
     "North Attleborough": 1.11,
     "North Brookfield": 1.2,
     "North Reading": 1.3,
     "Northampton": 1.37,
     "Northborough": 1.48,
     "Northbridge": 1.16,
     "Northfield": 1.33,
     "Norton": 1.3,
     "Norwell": 1.28,
     "Norwood": 0.98,
     "Oak Bluffs": 0.5,
     "Oakham": 1.11,
     "Orange": 1.66,
     "Orleans": 0.61,
     "Otis": 0.6,
     "Oxford": 1.22,
     "Palmer": 1.67,
     "Paxton": 1.52,
     "Peabody": 0.95,
     "Pelham": 1.88,
     "Pembroke": 1.18,
     "Pepperell": 1.38,
     "Peru": 1.61,
     "Petersham": 1.42,
     "Phillipston": 1.1,
     "Pittsfield": 1.75,
     "Plainfield": 1.76,
     "Plainville": 1.13,
     "Plymouth": 1.26,
     "Plympton": 1.53,
     "Princeton": 1.34,
     "Provincetown": 0.61,
     "Quincy": 1.18,
     "Randolph": 1.16,
     "Raynham": 1.18,
     "Reading": 1.1,
     "Rehoboth": 1.09,
     "Revere": 0.89,
     "Richmond": 1.03,
     "Rochester": 1.06,
     "Rockland": 1.39,
     "Rockport": 0.85,
     "Rowe": 0.52,
     "Rowley": 1.21,
     "Royalston": 1.03,
     "Russell": 1.84,
     "Rutland": 1.39,
     "Salem": 1.08,
     "Salisbury": 0.99,
     "Sandisfield": 0.79,
     "Sandwich": 1.02,
     "Saugus": 1.04,
     "Savoy": 1.45,
     "Scituate": 0.98,
     "Seekonk": 1.23,
     "Sharon": 1.72,
     "Sheffield": 1.18,
     "Shelburne": 1.28,
     "Sherborn": 1.57,
     "Shirley": 1.24,
     "Shrewsbury": 1.15,
     "Shutesbury": 1.62,
     "Somerset": 1.29,
     "Somerville": 1.1,
     "South Hadley": 1.35,
     "Southampton": 1.31,
     "Southborough": 1.44,
     "Southbridge": 1.49,
     "Southwick": 1.44,
     "Spencer": 1.1,
     "Springfield": 1.55,
     "Sterling": 1.26,
     "Stockbridge": 0.68,
     "Stoneham": 1.01,
     "Stoughton": 1.18,
     "Stow": 1.79,
     "Sturbridge": 1.56,
     "Sudbury": 1.43,
     "Sunderland": 1.24,
     "Sutton": 1.16,
     "Swampscott": 1.2,
     "Swansea": 1.14,
     "Taunton": 1.11,
     "Templeton": 1.19,
     "Tewksbury": 1.26,
     "Tisbury": 0.74,
     "Tolland": 0.79,
     "Topsfield": 1.57,
     "Townsend": 1.38,
     "Truro": 0.62,
     "Tyngsborough": 1.3,
     "Tyringham": 0.66,
     "Upton": 1.31,
     "Uxbridge": 1.27,
     "Wakefield": 1.17,
     "Wales": 1.41,
     "Walpole": 1.25,
     "Waltham": 1.03,
     "Ware": 1.45,
     "Wareham": 0.86,
     "Warren": 1.47,
     "Warwick": 1.65,
     "Washington": 1.38,
     "Watertown": 1.22,
     "Wayland": 1.48,
     "Webster": 1.19,
     "Wellesley": 1.02,
     "Wellfleet": 0.71,
     "Wendell": 2.05,
     "Wenham": 1.6,
     "West Boylston": 1.45,
     "West Bridgewater": 1.36,
     "West Brookfield": 1.08,
     "West Newbury": 1.02,
     "West Springfield": 1.4,
     "West Stockbridge": 1.03,
     "West Tisbury": 0.52,
     "Westborough": 1.59,
     "Westfield": 1.49,
     "Westford": 1.31,
     "Westhampton": 2.04,
     "Westminster": 1.17,
     "Weston": 1.09,
     "Westport": 0.73,
     "Westwood": 1.29,
     "Weymouth": 1.01,
     "Whately": 1.31,
     "Whitman": 1.33,
     "Wilbraham": 1.75,
     "Williamsburg": 1.6,
     "Williamstown": 1.42,
     "Wilmington": 1.14,
     "Winchendon": 1.27,
     "Winchester": 1.11,
     "Windsor": 0.94,
     "Winthrop": 1.11,
     "Woburn": 0.92,
     "Worcester": 1.33,
     "Worthington": 1.39,
     "Wrentham": 1.17,
     "Yarmouth": 0.7
    }
   },
   {
    "covered": 351,
    "hi": 45.42,
    "key": "effort_income",
    "kind": "pct2",
    "label": "The bill as a share of income per head",
    "lo": 4.28,
    "lunenburg": 15.55,
    "median": 14.11,
    "note": "how hard the bill lands on what people earn; all 351 towns, FY2026",
    "values": {
     "Abington": 16.77,
     "Acton": 17.27,
     "Acushnet": 12.25,
     "Adams": 15.2,
     "Agawam": 13.92,
     "Alford": 11.15,
     "Amesbury": 21.14,
     "Amherst": 45.42,
     "Andover": 13.07,
     "Aquinnah": 20.8,
     "Arlington": 14.7,
     "Ashburnham": 15.24,
     "Ashby": 15.41,
     "Ashfield": 16.21,
     "Ashland": 14.58,
     "Athol": 15.35,
     "Attleboro": 15.6,
     "Auburn": 14.5,
     "Avon": 15.29,
     "Ayer": 14.06,
     "Barnstable": 10.87,
     "Barre": 15.16,
     "Becket": 9.73,
     "Bedford": 13.84,
     "Belchertown": 15.42,
     "Bellingham": 13.95,
     "Belmont": 15.73,
     "Berkley": 14.27,
     "Berlin": 14.91,
     "Bernardston": 13.48,
     "Beverly": 13.75,
     "Billerica": 14.78,
     "Blackstone": 17.39,
     "Blandford": 13.35,
     "Bolton": 17.24,
     "Boston": 11.32,
     "Bourne": 12.31,
     "Boxborough": 17.17,
     "Boxford": 10.08,
     "Boylston": 12.28,
     "Braintree": 13.97,
     "Brewster": 12.95,
     "Bridgewater": 17.93,
     "Brimfield": 12.4,
     "Brockton": 22.06,
     "Brookfield": 15.82,
     "Brookline": 25.11,
     "Buckland": 22.36,
     "Burlington": 11.11,
     "Cambridge": 15.57,
     "Canton": 10.98,
     "Carlisle": 11.11,
     "Carver": 18.75,
     "Charlemont": 13.14,
     "Charlton": 11.38,
     "Chatham": 7.26,
     "Chelmsford": 13.66,
     "Chelsea": 15.86,
     "Cheshire": 9.42,
     "Chester": 14.56,
     "Chesterfield": 24.43,
     "Chicopee": 18.35,
     "Chilmark": 8.4,
     "Clarksburg": 10.76,
     "Clinton": 16.8,
     "Cohasset": 10.76,
     "Colrain": 14.77,
     "Concord": 11.95,
     "Conway": 8.22,
     "Cummington": 5.75,
     "Dalton": 15.43,
     "Danvers": 10.95,
     "Dartmouth": 10.3,
     "Dedham": 13.82,
     "Deerfield": 12.63,
     "Dennis": 8.06,
     "Dighton": 13.0,
     "Douglas": 13.45,
     "Dover": 5.98,
     "Dracut": 13.4,
     "Dudley": 12.54,
     "Dunstable": 14.15,
     "Duxbury": 10.72,
     "East Bridgewater": 16.83,
     "East Brookfield": 12.84,
     "East Longmeadow": 15.68,
     "Eastham": 12.8,
     "Easthampton": 15.03,
     "Easton": 14.55,
     "Edgartown": 9.06,
     "Egremont": 12.53,
     "Erving": 9.93,
     "Essex": 14.76,
     "Everett": 23.34,
     "Fairhaven": 10.99,
     "Fall River": 20.81,
     "Falmouth": 10.0,
     "Fitchburg": 20.32,
     "Florida": 8.17,
     "Foxborough": 13.39,
     "Framingham": 18.16,
     "Franklin": 12.82,
     "Freetown": 12.05,
     "Gardner": 19.17,
     "Georgetown": 16.53,
     "Gill": 17.54,
     "Gloucester": 17.85,
     "Goshen": 27.3,
     "Gosnold": 17.48,
     "Grafton": 13.71,
     "Granby": 15.05,
     "Granville": 12.17,
     "Great Barrington": 15.01,
     "Greenfield": 22.91,
     "Groton": 12.09,
     "Groveland": 17.5,
     "Hadley": 12.0,
     "Halifax": 17.25,
     "Hamilton": 13.26,
     "Hampden": 14.88,
     "Hancock": 4.28,
     "Hanover": 14.39,
     "Hanson": 15.05,
     "Hardwick": 15.67,
     "Harvard": 16.69,
     "Harwich": 10.89,
     "Hatfield": 14.83,
     "Haverhill": 16.79,
     "Hawley": 21.41,
     "Heath": 29.55,
     "Hingham": 9.36,
     "Hinsdale": 10.01,
     "Holbrook": 16.57,
     "Holden": 13.78,
     "Holland": 12.38,
     "Holliston": 14.78,
     "Holyoke": 23.71,
     "Hopedale": 17.42,
     "Hopkinton": 13.99,
     "Hubbardston": 11.32,
     "Hudson": 17.58,
     "Hull": 13.01,
     "Huntington": 12.99,
     "Ipswich": 12.86,
     "Kingston": 15.96,
     "Lakeville": 11.51,
     "Lancaster": 20.72,
     "Lanesborough": 15.75,
     "Lawrence": 19.33,
     "Lee": 11.66,
     "Leicester": 12.68,
     "Lenox": 9.34,
     "Leominster": 18.4,
     "Leverett": 16.89,
     "Lexington": 13.39,
     "Leyden": 9.91,
     "Lincoln": 11.67,
     "Littleton": 14.56,
     "Longmeadow": 12.19,
     "Lowell": 21.29,
     "Ludlow": 16.48,
     "Lunenburg": 15.55,
     "Lynn": 23.03,
     "Lynnfield": 11.35,
     "Malden": 14.11,
     "Manchester By The Sea": 7.7,
     "Mansfield": 14.77,
     "Marblehead": 9.24,
     "Marion": 11.26,
     "Marlborough": 14.63,
     "Marshfield": 11.94,
     "Mashpee": 11.3,
     "Mattapoisett": 11.42,
     "Maynard": 18.7,
     "Medfield": 11.69,
     "Medford": 14.03,
     "Medway": 15.15,
     "Melrose": 13.95,
     "Mendon": 11.88,
     "Merrimac": 17.45,
     "Methuen": 16.29,
     "Middleborough": 18.11,
     "Middlefield": 14.37,
     "Middleton": 15.63,
     "Milford": 16.7,
     "Millbury": 14.75,
     "Millis": 16.76,
     "Millville": 14.28,
     "Milton": 13.31,
     "Monroe": 32.99,
     "Monson": 12.96,
     "Montague": 17.48,
     "Monterey": 10.73,
     "Montgomery": 12.29,
     "Mount Washington": 5.72,
     "Nahant": 12.19,
     "Nantucket": 10.98,
     "Natick": 14.48,
     "Needham": 11.32,
     "New Ashford": 8.44,
     "New Bedford": 20.65,
     "New Braintree": 12.04,
     "New Marlborough": 11.37,
     "New Salem": 16.42,
     "Newbury": 5.41,
     "Newburyport": 11.35,
     "Newton": 9.89,
     "Norfolk": 15.67,
     "North Adams": 18.52,
     "North Andover": 13.1,
     "North Attleborough": 13.57,
     "North Brookfield": 12.82,
     "North Reading": 13.46,
     "Northampton": 17.71,
     "Northborough": 13.71,
     "Northbridge": 12.78,
     "Northfield": 11.64,
     "Norton": 15.8,
     "Norwell": 11.72,
     "Norwood": 12.37,
     "Oak Bluffs": 21.08,
     "Oakham": 11.88,
     "Orange": 20.41,
     "Orleans": 11.48,
     "Otis": 7.24,
     "Oxford": 13.56,
     "Palmer": 16.29,
     "Paxton": 16.12,
     "Peabody": 15.83,
     "Pelham": 20.06,
     "Pembroke": 13.95,
     "Pepperell": 15.2,
     "Peru": 17.68,
     "Petersham": 11.57,
     "Phillipston": 12.58,
     "Pittsfield": 16.96,
     "Plainfield": 16.31,
     "Plainville": 13.94,
     "Plymouth": 16.35,
     "Plympton": 17.43,
     "Princeton": 11.7,
     "Provincetown": 12.03,
     "Quincy": 18.34,
     "Randolph": 18.67,
     "Raynham": 14.7,
     "Reading": 12.42,
     "Rehoboth": 11.4,
     "Revere": 17.51,
     "Richmond": 11.79,
     "Rochester": 12.26,
     "Rockland": 20.11,
     "Rockport": 11.04,
     "Rowe": 4.78,
     "Rowley": 13.05,
     "Royalston": 11.69,
     "Russell": 14.88,
     "Rutland": 14.27,
     "Salem": 17.67,
     "Salisbury": 12.43,
     "Sandisfield": 12.07,
     "Sandwich": 14.11,
     "Saugus": 15.85,
     "Savoy": 10.87,
     "Scituate": 10.4,
     "Seekonk": 14.55,
     "Sharon": 16.21,
     "Sheffield": 12.37,
     "Shelburne": 19.75,
     "Sherborn": 5.25,
     "Shirley": 16.65,
     "Shrewsbury": 12.11,
     "Shutesbury": 20.3,
     "Somerset": 15.85,
     "Somerville": 15.78,
     "South Hadley": 14.96,
     "Southampton": 13.04,
     "Southborough": 8.92,
     "Southbridge": 20.32,
     "Southwick": 12.8,
     "Spencer": 13.29,
     "Springfield": 21.95,
     "Sterling": 12.01,
     "Stockbridge": 11.25,
     "Stoneham": 13.54,
     "Stoughton": 17.29,
     "Stow": 14.16,
     "Sturbridge": 14.43,
     "Sudbury": 13.0,
     "Sunderland": 17.69,
     "Sutton": 10.79,
     "Swampscott": 13.44,
     "Swansea": 13.73,
     "Taunton": 17.74,
     "Templeton": 13.33,
     "Tewksbury": 16.47,
     "Tisbury": 40.75,
     "Tolland": 9.16,
     "Topsfield": 14.59,
     "Townsend": 15.31,
     "Truro": 13.08,
     "Tyngsborough": 15.61,
     "Tyringham": 15.47,
     "Upton": 12.57,
     "Uxbridge": 14.91,
     "Wakefield": 16.21,
     "Wales": 15.38,
     "Walpole": 14.5,
     "Waltham": 10.73,
     "Ware": 16.9,
     "Wareham": 12.82,
     "Warren": 18.09,
     "Warwick": 17.62,
     "Washington": 14.66,
     "Watertown": 12.49,
     "Wayland": 9.5,
     "Webster": 16.14,
     "Wellesley": 8.93,
     "Wellfleet": 13.43,
     "Wendell": 24.48,
     "Wenham": 14.04,
     "West Boylston": 16.91,
     "West Bridgewater": 14.92,
     "West Brookfield": 10.28,
     "West Newbury": 11.69,
     "West Springfield": 13.79,
     "West Stockbridge": 10.55,
     "West Tisbury": 23.7,
     "Westborough": 19.02,
     "Westfield": 17.28,
     "Westford": 13.74,
     "Westhampton": 11.33,
     "Westminster": 11.79,
     "Weston": 6.97,
     "Westport": 9.02,
     "Westwood": 11.86,
     "Weymouth": 14.15,
     "Whately": 23.68,
     "Whitman": 17.36,
     "Wilbraham": 14.72,
     "Williamsburg": 21.09,
     "Williamstown": 18.34,
     "Wilmington": 14.64,
     "Winchendon": 16.81,
     "Winchester": 12.15,
     "Windsor": 7.41,
     "Winthrop": 17.42,
     "Woburn": 13.21,
     "Worcester": 21.39,
     "Worthington": 15.5,
     "Wrentham": 11.2,
     "Yarmouth": 11.53
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   },
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    "covered": 350,
    "hi": 57616.0,
    "key": "children",
    "kind": "count",
    "label": "Children the town is funded for",
    "lo": 0.0,
    "lunenburg": 1704.0,
    "median": 1410.5,
    "note": "foundation enrolment, all 351 towns, FY2026",
    "values": {
     "Abington": 2305.0,
     "Acton": 4167.0,
     "Acushnet": 1346.0,
     "Adams": 979.0,
     "Agawam": 3463.0,
     "Alford": 20.0,
     "Amesbury": 2036.0,
     "Amherst": 2025.0,
     "Andover": 5512.0,
     "Aquinnah": 56.0,
     "Arlington": 6313.0,
     "Ashburnham": 1054.0,
     "Ashby": 422.0,
     "Ashfield": 148.0,
     "Ashland": 2895.0,
     "Athol": 1783.0,
     "Attleboro": 6463.0,
     "Auburn": 2531.0,
     "Avon": 643.0,
     "Ayer": 1095.0,
     "Barnstable": 5425.0,
     "Barre": 768.0,
     "Becket": 197.0,
     "Bedford": 2573.0,
     "Belchertown": 2153.0,
     "Bellingham": 2300.0,
     "Belmont": 4538.0,
     "Berkley": 988.0,
     "Berlin": 466.0,
     "Bernardston": 247.0,
     "Beverly": 4644.0,
     "Billerica": 5461.0,
     "Blackstone": 1289.0,
     "Blandford": 104.0,
     "Bolton": 1041.0,
     "Boston": 57616.0,
     "Bourne": 1839.0,
     "Boxborough": 870.0,
     "Boxford": 1351.0,
     "Boylston": 643.0,
     "Braintree": 5293.0,
     "Brewster": 1002.0,
     "Bridgewater": 3740.0,
     "Brimfield": 508.0,
     "Brockton": 18281.0,
     "Brookfield": 435.0,
     "Brookline": 6881.0,
     "Buckland": 180.0,
     "Burlington": 3642.0,
     "Cambridge": 7446.0,
     "Canton": 3402.0,
     "Carlisle": 865.0,
     "Carver": 1559.0,
     "Charlemont": 126.0,
     "Charlton": 1941.0,
     "Chatham": 390.0,
     "Chelmsford": 5342.0,
     "Chelsea": 7282.0,
     "Cheshire": 346.0,
     "Chester": 133.0,
     "Chesterfield": 97.0,
     "Chicopee": 7198.0,
     "Chilmark": 104.0,
     "Clarksburg": 262.0,
     "Clinton": 2129.0,
     "Cohasset": 1419.0,
     "Colrain": 172.0,
     "Concord": 2873.0,
     "Conway": 158.0,
     "Cummington": 49.0,
     "Dalton": 890.0,
     "Danvers": 3551.0,
     "Dartmouth": 3542.0,
     "Dedham": 2812.0,
     "Deerfield": 515.0,
     "Dennis": 1081.0,
     "Dighton": 1234.0,
     "Douglas": 1166.0,
     "Dover": 1072.0,
     "Dracut": 4316.0,
     "Dudley": 1660.0,
     "Dunstable": 555.0,
     "Duxbury": 2693.0,
     "East Bridgewater": 2057.0,
     "East Brookfield": 276.0,
     "East Longmeadow": 2468.0,
     "Eastham": 455.0,
     "Easthampton": 1565.0,
     "Easton": 3454.0,
     "Edgartown": 613.0,
     "Egremont": 88.0,
     "Erving": 206.0,
     "Essex": 488.0,
     "Everett": 8009.0,
     "Fairhaven": 1788.0,
     "Fall River": 14229.0,
     "Falmouth": 3023.0,
     "Fitchburg": 6187.0,
     "Florida": 76.0,
     "Foxborough": 2639.0,
     "Framingham": 10208.0,
     "Franklin": 5149.0,
     "Freetown": 1216.0,
     "Gardner": 2657.0,
     "Georgetown": 1216.0,
     "Gill": 126.0,
     "Gloucester": 3117.0,
     "Goshen": 95.0,
     "Gosnold": 0.0,
     "Grafton": 3050.0,
     "Granby": 662.0,
     "Granville": 165.0,
     "Great Barrington": 677.0,
     "Greenfield": 1821.0,
     "Groton": 1736.0,
     "Groveland": 939.0,
     "Hadley": 435.0,
     "Halifax": 1102.0,
     "Hamilton": 1104.0,
     "Hampden": 550.0,
     "Hancock": 86.0,
     "Hanover": 2555.0,
     "Hanson": 1417.0,
     "Hardwick": 312.0,
     "Harvard": 878.0,
     "Harwich": 1313.0,
     "Hatfield": 278.0,
     "Haverhill": 9292.0,
     "Hawley": 23.0,
     "Heath": 83.0,
     "Hingham": 3528.0,
     "Hinsdale": 213.0,
     "Holbrook": 1518.0,
     "Holden": 3279.0,
     "Holland": 287.0,
     "Holliston": 2646.0,
     "Holyoke": 5804.0,
     "Hopedale": 953.0,
     "Hopkinton": 4234.0,
     "Hubbardston": 584.0,
     "Hudson": 2609.0,
     "Hull": 700.0,
     "Huntington": 292.0,
     "Ipswich": 1565.0,
     "Kingston": 2193.0,
     "Lakeville": 1670.0,
     "Lancaster": 1046.0,
     "Lanesborough": 388.0,
     "Lawrence": 16510.0,
     "Lee": 537.0,
     "Leicester": 1360.0,
     "Lenox": 441.0,
     "Leominster": 6122.0,
     "Leverett": 186.0,
     "Lexington": 6902.0,
     "Leyden": 77.0,
     "Lincoln": 801.0,
     "Littleton": 1647.0,
     "Longmeadow": 2729.0,
     "Lowell": 18533.0,
     "Ludlow": 2201.0,
     "Lunenburg": 1704.0,
     "Lynn": 18512.0,
     "Lynnfield": 2232.0,
     "Malden": 7124.0,
     "Mansfield": 3363.0,
     "Marblehead": 2584.0,
     "Marion": 718.0,
     "Marlborough": 5996.0,
     "Marshfield": 3658.0,
     "Mashpee": 1462.0,
     "Mattapoisett": 721.0,
     "Maynard": 1328.0,
     "Medfield": 2386.0,
     "Medford": 4511.0,
     "Medway": 2238.0,
     "Melrose": 4064.0,
     "Mendon": 900.0,
     "Merrimac": 873.0,
     "Methuen": 7223.0,
     "Middleborough": 3182.0,
     "Middlefield": 23.0,
     "Middleton": 1213.0,
     "Milford": 4988.0,
     "Millbury": 1676.0,
     "Millis": 1136.0,
     "Millville": 426.0,
     "Milton": 4403.0,
     "Monroe": 23.0,
     "Monson": 873.0,
     "Montague": 880.0,
     "Monterey": 83.0,
     "Montgomery": 75.0,
     "Mount Washington": 5.0,
     "Nahant": 256.0,
     "Nantucket": 1701.0,
     "Natick": 5351.0,
     "Needham": 5582.0,
     "New Ashford": 12.0,
     "New Bedford": 15892.0,
     "New Braintree": 119.0,
     "New Marlborough": 113.0,
     "New Salem": 81.0,
     "Newbury": 630.0,
     "Newburyport": 2072.0,
     "Newton": 11630.0,
     "Norfolk": 1774.0,
     "North Adams": 1404.0,
     "North Andover": 4473.0,
     "North Attleborough": 4099.0,
     "North Brookfield": 603.0,
     "North Reading": 2304.0,
     "Northampton": 2741.0,
     "Northborough": 2410.0,
     "Northbridge": 2056.0,
     "Northfield": 294.0,
     "Norton": 2244.0,
     "Norwell": 2141.0,
     "Norwood": 3743.0,
     "Oak Bluffs": 611.0,
     "Oakham": 235.0,
     "Orange": 1032.0,
     "Orleans": 417.0,
     "Otis": 132.0,
     "Oxford": 1665.0,
     "Palmer": 1417.0,
     "Paxton": 662.0,
     "Peabody": 6306.0,
     "Pelham": 142.0,
     "Pembroke": 2437.0,
     "Pepperell": 1608.0,
     "Peru": 101.0,
     "Petersham": 159.0,
     "Phillipston": 226.0,
     "Pittsfield": 5576.0,
     "Plainfield": 66.0,
     "Plainville": 1272.0,
     "Plymouth": 7381.0,
     "Plympton": 439.0,
     "Princeton": 451.0,
     "Provincetown": 100.0,
     "Quincy": 9868.0,
     "Randolph": 3547.0,
     "Raynham": 2411.0,
     "Reading": 3714.0,
     "Rehoboth": 1565.0,
     "Revere": 8238.0,
     "Richmond": 123.0,
     "Rochester": 895.0,
     "Rockland": 2343.0,
     "Rockport": 534.0,
     "Rowe": 41.0,
     "Rowley": 715.0,
     "Royalston": 125.0,
     "Russell": 210.0,
     "Rutland": 1697.0,
     "Salem": 4449.0,
     "Salisbury": 851.0,
     "Sandisfield": 89.0,
     "Sandwich": 2325.0,
     "Saugus": 3135.0,
     "Savoy": 49.0,
     "Scituate": 2774.0,
     "Seekonk": 2135.0,
     "Sharon": 3448.0,
     "Sheffield": 326.0,
     "Shelburne": 148.0,
     "Sherborn": 935.0,
     "Shirley": 769.0,
     "Shrewsbury": 5945.0,
     "Shutesbury": 200.0,
     "Somerset": 2464.0,
     "Somerville": 5155.0,
     "South Hadley": 1798.0,
     "Southampton": 800.0,
     "Southborough": 1721.0,
     "Southbridge": 2452.0,
     "Southwick": 1077.0,
     "Spencer": 1388.0,
     "Springfield": 28380.0,
     "Sterling": 968.0,
     "Stockbridge": 126.0,
     "Stoneham": 2579.0,
     "Stoughton": 3976.0,
     "Stow": 1083.0,
     "Sturbridge": 1614.0,
     "Sudbury": 3798.0,
     "Sunderland": 279.0,
     "Sutton": 1359.0,
     "Swampscott": 2077.0,
     "Swansea": 2173.0,
     "Taunton": 9005.0,
     "Templeton": 1233.0,
     "Tewksbury": 3628.0,
     "Tisbury": 564.0,
     "Tolland": 21.0,
     "Topsfield": 1051.0,
     "Townsend": 1258.0,
     "Truro": 163.0,
     "Tyngsborough": 1683.0,
     "Tyringham": 35.0,
     "Upton": 1206.0,
     "Uxbridge": 1724.0,
     "Wakefield": 3495.0,
     "Wales": 228.0,
     "Walpole": 3696.0,
     "Waltham": 5815.0,
     "Ware": 1321.0,
     "Wareham": 2465.0,
     "Warren": 667.0,
     "Warwick": 51.0,
     "Washington": 54.0,
     "Watertown": 2825.0,
     "Wayland": 2700.0,
     "Webster": 2066.0,
     "Wellesley": 3983.0,
     "Wellfleet": 247.0,
     "Wendell": 102.0,
     "Wenham": 593.0,
     "West Boylston": 839.0,
     "West Bridgewater": 1219.0,
     "West Brookfield": 438.0,
     "West Newbury": 574.0,
     "West Springfield": 4111.0,
     "West Stockbridge": 103.0,
     "West Tisbury": 397.0,
     "Westborough": 3835.0,
     "Westfield": 4730.0,
     "Westford": 4606.0,
     "Westhampton": 170.0,
     "Westminster": 1305.0,
     "Weston": 2045.0,
     "Westport": 1691.0,
     "Westwood": 2853.0,
     "Weymouth": 5855.0,
     "Whately": 160.0,
     "Whitman": 2272.0,
     "Wilbraham": 2207.0,
     "Williamsburg": 234.0,
     "Williamstown": 728.0,
     "Wilmington": 3080.0,
     "Winchendon": 1372.0,
     "Winchester": 4409.0,
     "Windsor": 66.0,
     "Winthrop": 2054.0,
     "Woburn": 4731.0,
     "Worcester": 27173.0,
     "Worthington": 122.0,
     "Wrentham": 1773.0,
     "Yarmouth": 2458.0
    }
   },
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    "covered": 349,
    "hi": 21276.98,
    "key": "state_pp",
    "kind": "usd",
    "label": "State money per child",
    "lo": 1767.784,
    "lunenburg": 5617.441,
    "median": 3657.087,
    "note": "all 351 towns, FY2026",
    "values": {
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     "Acton": 2650.979,
     "Acushnet": 6037.894,
     "Adams": 12116.617,
     "Agawam": 7857.43,
     "Alford": 2689.001,
     "Amesbury": 4194.091,
     "Amherst": 3039.524,
     "Andover": 2549.401,
     "Aquinnah": 2624.351,
     "Arlington": 3270.776,
     "Ashburnham": 7666.185,
     "Ashby": 6761.124,
     "Ashfield": 3941.288,
     "Ashland": 3818.125,
     "Athol": 14709.332,
     "Attleboro": 9603.84,
     "Auburn": 6564.061,
     "Avon": 7667.836,
     "Ayer": 4568.338,
     "Barnstable": 4403.867,
     "Barre": 9176.88,
     "Becket": 3243.103,
     "Bedford": 2459.79,
     "Belchertown": 6518.749,
     "Bellingham": 4454.279,
     "Belmont": 2644.038,
     "Berkley": 5994.647,
     "Berlin": 4270.867,
     "Bernardston": 6539.637,
     "Beverly": 2882.093,
     "Billerica": 2864.653,
     "Blackstone": 7578.174,
     "Blandford": 4442.137,
     "Bolton": 2657.619,
     "Boston": 3708.228,
     "Bourne": 2776.383,
     "Boxborough": 3075.806,
     "Boxford": 2629.05,
     "Boylston": 2335.192,
     "Braintree": 3603.092,
     "Brewster": 2691.599,
     "Bridgewater": 6140.617,
     "Brimfield": 6607.636,
     "Brockton": 16528.048,
     "Brookfield": 8692.318,
     "Brookline": 2424.012,
     "Buckland": 7627.018,
     "Burlington": 2840.386,
     "Cambridge": 3043.831,
     "Canton": 2855.945,
     "Carlisle": 2310.857,
     "Carver": 6643.426,
     "Charlemont": 7057.043,
     "Charlton": 6221.368,
     "Chatham": 2796.485,
     "Chelmsford": 2683.034,
     "Chelsea": 18676.679,
     "Cheshire": 8761.098,
     "Chester": 8146.77,
     "Chesterfield": 3395.111,
     "Chicopee": 13926.251,
     "Chilmark": 2717.536,
     "Clarksburg": 12311.962,
     "Clinton": 10262.158,
     "Cohasset": 2272.614,
     "Colrain": 8154.521,
     "Concord": 2371.89,
     "Conway": 2602.082,
     "Cummington": 2749.28,
     "Dalton": 8419.716,
     "Danvers": 3038.564,
     "Dartmouth": 2636.447,
     "Dedham": 3486.671,
     "Deerfield": 2527.235,
     "Dennis": 3073.39,
     "Dighton": 6596.462,
     "Douglas": 5013.487,
     "Dover": 2313.935,
     "Dracut": 7715.728,
     "Dudley": 9648.171,
     "Dunstable": 2740.276,
     "Duxbury": 2304.177,
     "East Bridgewater": 6425.411,
     "East Brookfield": 8292.153,
     "East Longmeadow": 5808.919,
     "Eastham": 2677.921,
     "Easthampton": 5157.663,
     "Easton": 2735.146,
     "Edgartown": 2987.393,
     "Egremont": 2648.247,
     "Erving": 2708.331,
     "Essex": 2411.542,
     "Everett": 15840.345,
     "Fairhaven": 5755.425,
     "Fall River": 17725.864,
     "Falmouth": 2808.639,
     "Fitchburg": 14973.996,
     "Florida": 7785.53,
     "Foxborough": 2908.511,
     "Framingham": 9917.654,
     "Franklin": 3214.593,
     "Freetown": 3392.379,
     "Gardner": 13069.807,
     "Georgetown": 2515.669,
     "Gill": 7213.845,
     "Gloucester": 3808.396,
     "Goshen": 5318.043,
     "Grafton": 4046.207,
     "Granby": 4969.011,
     "Granville": 4683.015,
     "Great Barrington": 3535.882,
     "Greenfield": 9821.724,
     "Groton": 2279.953,
     "Groveland": 3610.721,
     "Hadley": 2804.092,
     "Halifax": 6520.168,
     "Hamilton": 2470.798,
     "Hampden": 2640.138,
     "Hancock": 4604.279,
     "Hanover": 2847.492,
     "Hanson": 5525.449,
     "Hardwick": 8682.346,
     "Harvard": 2578.821,
     "Harwich": 2802.906,
     "Hatfield": 2506.603,
     "Haverhill": 11417.398,
     "Hawley": 2705.458,
     "Heath": 10563.032,
     "Hingham": 2313.204,
     "Hinsdale": 4531.075,
     "Holbrook": 9443.725,
     "Holden": 5482.932,
     "Holland": 5510.786,
     "Holliston": 2951.199,
     "Holyoke": 18394.921,
     "Hopedale": 6177.188,
     "Hopkinton": 2317.082,
     "Hubbardston": 6905.137,
     "Hudson": 5980.715,
     "Hull": 2617.454,
     "Huntington": 9630.198,
     "Ipswich": 2478.705,
     "Kingston": 5345.968,
     "Lakeville": 3760.403,
     "Lancaster": 4282.213,
     "Lanesborough": 5749.117,
     "Lawrence": 21276.98,
     "Lee": 2868.358,
     "Leicester": 7219.426,
     "Lenox": 2587.516,
     "Leominster": 11878.992,
     "Leverett": 2507.24,
     "Lexington": 2446.34,
     "Leyden": 7355.69,
     "Lincoln": 2388.179,
     "Littleton": 2424.099,
     "Longmeadow": 2531.598,
     "Lowell": 15802.042,
     "Ludlow": 6550.755,
     "Lunenburg": 5617.441,
     "Lynn": 17130.851,
     "Lynnfield": 2619.478,
     "Malden": 10159.382,
     "Mansfield": 2785.824,
     "Marblehead": 2310.292,
     "Marion": 3026.663,
     "Marlborough": 9971.686,
     "Marshfield": 2600.277,
     "Mashpee": 2778.655,
     "Mattapoisett": 2462.231,
     "Maynard": 4097.287,
     "Medfield": 2298.675,
     "Medford": 3510.915,
     "Medway": 3631.576,
     "Melrose": 2813.102,
     "Mendon": 2408.421,
     "Merrimac": 3634.479,
     "Methuen": 10850.458,
     "Middleborough": 7043.575,
     "Middlefield": 3156.7,
     "Middleton": 2414.82,
     "Milford": 11434.453,
     "Millbury": 5340.783,
     "Millis": 2467.687,
     "Millville": 7857.745,
     "Milton": 2671.454,
     "Monroe": 7923.157,
     "Monson": 6755.642,
     "Montague": 9079.002,
     "Monterey": 2653.506,
     "Montgomery": 4149.657,
     "Mount Washington": 1767.784,
     "Nahant": 2316.499,
     "Nantucket": 2789.142,
     "Natick": 2654.262,
     "Needham": 2379.513,
     "New Ashford": 1794.788,
     "New Bedford": 18219.988,
     "New Braintree": 5480.176,
     "New Marlborough": 2651.598,
     "New Salem": 6032.432,
     "Newbury": 2573.712,
     "Newburyport": 2322.874,
     "Newton": 2465.566,
     "Norfolk": 2914.092,
     "North Adams": 13683.499,
     "North Andover": 2530.747,
     "North Attleborough": 4476.03,
     "North Brookfield": 8569.108,
     "North Reading": 2739.522,
     "Northampton": 2949.59,
     "Northborough": 2390.065,
     "Northbridge": 6853.896,
     "Northfield": 3466.537,
     "Norton": 3082.453,
     "Norwell": 2311.551,
     "Norwood": 5146.993,
     "Oak Bluffs": 2926.283,
     "Oakham": 6464.876,
     "Orange": 13219.909,
     "Orleans": 2707.356,
     "Otis": 2633.968,
     "Oxford": 8052.218,
     "Palmer": 10468.798,
     "Paxton": 4841.743,
     "Peabody": 6629.492,
     "Pelham": 4472.011,
     "Pembroke": 2874.582,
     "Pepperell": 6003.279,
     "Peru": 8678.061,
     "Petersham": 7642.191,
     "Phillipston": 7642.625,
     "Pittsfield": 12275.89,
     "Plainfield": 5496.716,
     "Plainville": 3528.859,
     "Plymouth": 3032.822,
     "Plympton": 4179.5,
     "Princeton": 2932.949,
     "Provincetown": 3132.336,
     "Quincy": 4285.182,
     "Randolph": 9549.678,
     "Raynham": 6113.642,
     "Reading": 2357.477,
     "Rehoboth": 2476.919,
     "Revere": 13571.763,
     "Richmond": 2546.015,
     "Rochester": 4477.339,
     "Rockland": 9165.501,
     "Rockport": 2594.845,
     "Rowe": 3006.604,
     "Rowley": 2567.885,
     "Royalston": 10852.714,
     "Russell": 9246.968,
     "Rutland": 7431.98,
     "Salem": 7290.569,
     "Salisbury": 2603.117,
     "Sandisfield": 3618.218,
     "Sandwich": 2502.079,
     "Saugus": 5451.921,
     "Savoy": 5470.829,
     "Scituate": 2334.189,
     "Seekonk": 3422.187,
     "Sharon": 2712.815,
     "Sheffield": 2646.8,
     "Shelburne": 3711.257,
     "Sherborn": 2313.193,
     "Shirley": 6058.598,
     "Shrewsbury": 2672.625,
     "Shutesbury": 5316.744,
     "Somerset": 6834.577,
     "Somerville": 3240.761,
     "South Hadley": 5515.928,
     "Southampton": 3657.087,
     "Southborough": 2501.938,
     "Southbridge": 15389.259,
     "Southwick": 4980.834,
     "Spencer": 9402.183,
     "Springfield": 19233.251,
     "Sterling": 2389.511,
     "Stockbridge": 2989.537,
     "Stoneham": 3147.066,
     "Stoughton": 8219.786,
     "Stow": 2432.447,
     "Sturbridge": 6137.896,
     "Sudbury": 2432.686,
     "Sunderland": 2708.976,
     "Sutton": 2404.741,
     "Swampscott": 2829.818,
     "Swansea": 5095.234,
     "Taunton": 12578.645,
     "Templeton": 10340.5,
     "Tewksbury": 2734.261,
     "Tisbury": 2907.15,
     "Tolland": 2662.396,
     "Topsfield": 2515.983,
     "Townsend": 7087.786,
     "Truro": 2491.193,
     "Tyngsborough": 4196.381,
     "Tyringham": 2076.463,
     "Upton": 2722.64,
     "Uxbridge": 3616.55,
     "Wakefield": 2727.295,
     "Wales": 9802.527,
     "Walpole": 2410.945,
     "Waltham": 4536.703,
     "Ware": 12422.719,
     "Wareham": 6626.789,
     "Warren": 11429.045,
     "Warwick": 2430.651,
     "Washington": 3963.384,
     "Watertown": 2805.879,
     "Wayland": 2398.315,
     "Webster": 11260.263,
     "Wellesley": 2347.501,
     "Wellfleet": 2650.367,
     "Wendell": 10094.583,
     "Wenham": 2760.127,
     "West Boylston": 3460.341,
     "West Bridgewater": 5888.77,
     "West Brookfield": 6904.568,
     "West Newbury": 2326.287,
     "West Springfield": 11466.992,
     "West Stockbridge": 2976.716,
     "West Tisbury": 2741.956,
     "Westborough": 2797.679,
     "Westfield": 9543.892,
     "Westford": 2832.439,
     "Westhampton": 2518.084,
     "Westminster": 6288.801,
     "Weston": 2351.167,
     "Westport": 3279.309,
     "Westwood": 2306.794,
     "Weymouth": 3801.738,
     "Whately": 2882.293,
     "Whitman": 7963.25,
     "Wilbraham": 4893.545,
     "Williamsburg": 3836.053,
     "Williamstown": 2903.37,
     "Wilmington": 2508.813,
     "Winchendon": 11376.363,
     "Winchester": 2523.57,
     "Windsor": 3731.339,
     "Winthrop": 5271.528,
     "Woburn": 3323.853,
     "Worcester": 15153.986,
     "Worthington": 3904.989,
     "Wrentham": 2783.057,
     "Yarmouth": 4784.985
    }
   },
   {
    "covered": 349,
    "hi": 17481.646,
    "key": "required_pp",
    "kind": "usd",
    "label": "What the town must raise per child",
    "lo": 1093.2,
    "lunenburg": 8571.21,
    "median": 10713.753,
    "note": "all 351 towns, FY2026",
    "values": {
     "Abington": 8705.927,
     "Acton": 11251.786,
     "Acushnet": 8830.84,
     "Adams": 5332.444,
     "Agawam": 8124.515,
     "Alford": 12676.65,
     "Amesbury": 10876.857,
     "Amherst": 11718.964,
     "Andover": 11458.668,
     "Aquinnah": 12371.911,
     "Arlington": 10325.45,
     "Ashburnham": 6506.231,
     "Ashby": 7819.431,
     "Ashfield": 12341.135,
     "Ashland": 10215.093,
     "Athol": 2573.358,
     "Attleboro": 7502.925,
     "Auburn": 8034.573,
     "Avon": 10369.218,
     "Ayer": 10447.891,
     "Barnstable": 13209.939,
     "Barre": 5986.237,
     "Becket": 12539.32,
     "Bedford": 11596.153,
     "Belchertown": 7603.078,
     "Bellingham": 10222.63,
     "Belmont": 10990.938,
     "Berkley": 8945.848,
     "Berlin": 10025.517,
     "Bernardston": 8759.761,
     "Beverly": 11856.556,
     "Billerica": 11485.396,
     "Blackstone": 7558.105,
     "Blandford": 12006.385,
     "Bolton": 11036.363,
     "Boston": 17481.646,
     "Bourne": 12859.955,
     "Boxborough": 10682.917,
     "Boxford": 10616.682,
     "Boylston": 11008.764,
     "Braintree": 11444.366,
     "Brewster": 12688.967,
     "Bridgewater": 8343.334,
     "Brimfield": 8401.27,
     "Brockton": 3670.752,
     "Brookfield": 6873.092,
     "Brookline": 11427.486,
     "Buckland": 9195.211,
     "Burlington": 11830.915,
     "Cambridge": 14349.49,
     "Canton": 11738.936,
     "Carlisle": 10894.038,
     "Carver": 8270.953,
     "Charlemont": 8815.5,
     "Charlton": 9165.868,
     "Chatham": 13183.428,
     "Chelmsford": 10988.855,
     "Chelsea": 3580.938,
     "Cheshire": 8673.04,
     "Chester": 7902.774,
     "Chesterfield": 11789.845,
     "Chicopee": 5065.839,
     "Chilmark": 12811.26,
     "Clarksburg": 4433.893,
     "Clinton": 6909.651,
     "Cohasset": 10713.753,
     "Colrain": 8921.064,
     "Concord": 11181.768,
     "Conway": 12266.968,
     "Cummington": 12960.918,
     "Dalton": 7131.209,
     "Danvers": 11448.771,
     "Dartmouth": 12428.962,
     "Dedham": 11619.723,
     "Deerfield": 11914.109,
     "Dennis": 14488.84,
     "Dighton": 7930.675,
     "Douglas": 9399.039,
     "Dover": 10908.549,
     "Dracut": 8176.081,
     "Dudley": 5597.208,
     "Dunstable": 10254.384,
     "Duxbury": 10712.603,
     "East Bridgewater": 8148.651,
     "East Brookfield": 8534.351,
     "East Longmeadow": 8362.611,
     "Eastham": 12624.479,
     "Easthampton": 10105.372,
     "Easton": 11064.18,
     "Edgartown": 14083.424,
     "Egremont": 12484.591,
     "Erving": 12767.854,
     "Essex": 11368.701,
     "Everett": 5724.362,
     "Fairhaven": 10535.27,
     "Fall River": 3316.336,
     "Falmouth": 13240.728,
     "Fitchburg": 4224.278,
     "Florida": 11001.237,
     "Foxborough": 11685.99,
     "Framingham": 8734.999,
     "Franklin": 10826.279,
     "Freetown": 10681.612,
     "Gardner": 5111.688,
     "Georgetown": 10905.663,
     "Gill": 10493.96,
     "Gloucester": 13183.791,
     "Goshen": 9806.737,
     "Grafton": 9491.589,
     "Granby": 10047.477,
     "Granville": 10957.509,
     "Great Barrington": 13544.253,
     "Greenfield": 7296.196,
     "Groton": 10748.35,
     "Groveland": 9890.526,
     "Hadley": 12355.005,
     "Halifax": 8238.676,
     "Hamilton": 10710.461,
     "Hampden": 11196.52,
     "Hancock": 9942.43,
     "Hanover": 10590.109,
     "Hanson": 9291.332,
     "Hardwick": 6717.038,
     "Harvard": 10535.226,
     "Harwich": 13213.697,
     "Hatfield": 11816.849,
     "Haverhill": 6724.62,
     "Hawley": 12754.348,
     "Heath": 6435.88,
     "Hingham": 10905.105,
     "Hinsdale": 11034.526,
     "Holbrook": 7834.684,
     "Holden": 8047.897,
     "Holland": 10208.906,
     "Holliston": 10531.001,
     "Holyoke": 2404.83,
     "Hopedale": 8417.885,
     "Hopkinton": 10923.385,
     "Hubbardston": 8250.579,
     "Hudson": 10126.857,
     "Hull": 12339.429,
     "Huntington": 6720.932,
     "Ipswich": 11685.325,
     "Kingston": 9319.71,
     "Lakeville": 10302.231,
     "Lancaster": 9577.414,
     "Lanesborough": 8542.16,
     "Lawrence": 1093.2,
     "Lee": 13522.255,
     "Leicester": 8725.687,
     "Lenox": 12198.286,
     "Leominster": 6303.609,
     "Leverett": 11819.839,
     "Lexington": 11532.747,
     "Leyden": 8178.805,
     "Lincoln": 11258.556,
     "Littleton": 10597.996,
     "Longmeadow": 10509.439,
     "Lowell": 4167.119,
     "Ludlow": 9072.452,
     "Lunenburg": 8571.21,
     "Lynn": 3646.445,
     "Lynnfield": 10666.654,
     "Malden": 8833.975,
     "Mansfield": 11451.333,
     "Marblehead": 10891.374,
     "Marion": 11444.026,
     "Marlborough": 8756.583,
     "Marshfield": 11638.361,
     "Mashpee": 13099.376,
     "Mattapoisett": 11607.662,
     "Maynard": 11075.072,
     "Medfield": 10836.611,
     "Medford": 13484.095,
     "Medway": 10314.214,
     "Melrose": 11018.784,
     "Mendon": 11353.984,
     "Merrimac": 9904.12,
     "Methuen": 7566.573,
     "Middleborough": 8524.906,
     "Middlefield": 13109.739,
     "Middleton": 11384.149,
     "Milford": 6673.991,
     "Millbury": 9783.553,
     "Millis": 11633.381,
     "Millville": 7269.3,
     "Milton": 10831.017,
     "Monroe": 5248.565,
     "Monson": 9239.994,
     "Montague": 8347.431,
     "Monterey": 12509.386,
     "Montgomery": 11988.573,
     "Mount Washington": 8334.2,
     "Nahant": 10920.641,
     "Nantucket": 13148.809,
     "Natick": 10817.043,
     "Needham": 11217.705,
     "New Ashford": 8461.25,
     "New Bedford": 2920.096,
     "New Braintree": 9984.63,
     "New Marlborough": 12500.372,
     "New Salem": 11267.321,
     "Newbury": 12133.219,
     "Newburyport": 10950.692,
     "Newton": 11623.38,
     "Norfolk": 10631.193,
     "North Adams": 4983.331,
     "North Andover": 11359.361,
     "North Attleborough": 9798.727,
     "North Brookfield": 7015.635,
     "North Reading": 11049.394,
     "Northampton": 12324.434,
     "Northborough": 11267.447,
     "Northbridge": 8676.424,
     "Northfield": 12397.752,
     "Norton": 11340.963,
     "Norwell": 10897.312,
     "Norwood": 11479.262,
     "Oak Bluffs": 13795.336,
     "Oakham": 8846.46,
     "Orange": 4883.855,
     "Orleans": 12763.245,
     "Otis": 12417.295,
     "Oxford": 8268.844,
     "Palmer": 6846.661,
     "Paxton": 8827.633,
     "Peabody": 10516.081,
     "Pelham": 10728.324,
     "Pembroke": 10871.073,
     "Pepperell": 8691.986,
     "Peru": 6930.168,
     "Petersham": 8667.358,
     "Phillipston": 8283.509,
     "Pittsfield": 6379.938,
     "Plainfield": 10684.788,
     "Plainville": 11330.648,
     "Plymouth": 12581.899,
     "Plympton": 10430.704,
     "Princeton": 10685.044,
     "Provincetown": 14766.75,
     "Quincy": 13727.274,
     "Randolph": 9227.625,
     "Raynham": 8603.961,
     "Reading": 11113.82,
     "Rehoboth": 11676.906,
     "Revere": 6607.857,
     "Richmond": 12002.642,
     "Rochester": 9937.084,
     "Rockland": 8275.212,
     "Rockport": 12232.843,
     "Rowe": 14174.0,
     "Rowley": 12105.748,
     "Royalston": 6447.16,
     "Russell": 6984.224,
     "Rutland": 6112.767,
     "Salem": 11333.357,
     "Salisbury": 12271.837,
     "Sandisfield": 11433.045,
     "Sandwich": 11795.513,
     "Saugus": 11669.362,
     "Savoy": 12800.857,
     "Scituate": 11004.034,
     "Seekonk": 10260.401,
     "Sharon": 10877.946,
     "Sheffield": 12477.77,
     "Shelburne": 12738.466,
     "Sherborn": 10905.048,
     "Shirley": 9036.701,
     "Shrewsbury": 10842.988,
     "Shutesbury": 9213.685,
     "Somerset": 8013.819,
     "Somerville": 15277.872,
     "South Hadley": 9282.455,
     "Southampton": 10179.401,
     "Southborough": 10696.512,
     "Southbridge": 4529.316,
     "Southwick": 10220.88,
     "Spencer": 7686.211,
     "Springfield": 1914.401,
     "Sterling": 11264.838,
     "Stockbridge": 14093.532,
     "Stoneham": 11200.202,
     "Stoughton": 8895.938,
     "Stow": 11467.251,
     "Sturbridge": 8601.247,
     "Sudbury": 10458.298,
     "Sunderland": 12177.52,
     "Sutton": 11336.636,
     "Swampscott": 11010.933,
     "Swansea": 9507.145,
     "Taunton": 5732.908,
     "Templeton": 5273.288,
     "Tewksbury": 11479.523,
     "Tisbury": 13705.135,
     "Tolland": 12551.381,
     "Topsfield": 10721.408,
     "Townsend": 7569.258,
     "Truro": 11744.178,
     "Tyngsborough": 10378.835,
     "Tyringham": 9788.971,
     "Upton": 10964.959,
     "Uxbridge": 11054.184,
     "Wakefield": 11385.456,
     "Wales": 6422.311,
     "Walpole": 11365.884,
     "Waltham": 14697.819,
     "Ware": 5483.659,
     "Wareham": 11211.449,
     "Warren": 5394.625,
     "Warwick": 11458.824,
     "Washington": 11697.574,
     "Watertown": 13227.714,
     "Wayland": 10734.987,
     "Webster": 7550.25,
     "Wellesley": 11066.788,
     "Wellfleet": 12494.599,
     "Wendell": 6839.696,
     "Wenham": 10490.602,
     "West Boylston": 11162.148,
     "West Bridgewater": 8695.395,
     "West Brookfield": 9617.575,
     "West Newbury": 10966.784,
     "West Springfield": 6193.367,
     "West Stockbridge": 14033.068,
     "West Tisbury": 12926.363,
     "Westborough": 10993.267,
     "Westfield": 7520.659,
     "Westford": 10219.863,
     "Westhampton": 11870.965,
     "Westminster": 7836.526,
     "Weston": 11084.073,
     "Westport": 12015.073,
     "Westwood": 10874.885,
     "Weymouth": 12633.722,
     "Whately": 11543.812,
     "Whitman": 6978.246,
     "Wilbraham": 8949.291,
     "Williamsburg": 10841.278,
     "Williamstown": 11173.64,
     "Wilmington": 11827.259,
     "Winchendon": 5414.208,
     "Winchester": 10775.294,
     "Windsor": 11907.818,
     "Winthrop": 10850.661,
     "Woburn": 13327.763,
     "Worcester": 4992.574,
     "Worthington": 10260.23,
     "Wrentham": 11094.2,
     "Yarmouth": 12734.451
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   },
   {
    "covered": 349,
    "hi": 22370.18,
    "key": "foundation_pp",
    "kind": "usd",
    "label": "What the state says each child needs",
    "lo": 10101.984,
    "lunenburg": 14188.651,
    "median": 15016.229,
    "note": "foundation budget, all 351 towns, FY2026",
    "values": {
     "Abington": 15513.193,
     "Acton": 13902.765,
     "Acushnet": 14868.735,
     "Adams": 17449.061,
     "Agawam": 15981.945,
     "Alford": 15365.651,
     "Amesbury": 15070.949,
     "Amherst": 14758.488,
     "Andover": 14008.069,
     "Aquinnah": 14996.262,
     "Arlington": 13596.226,
     "Ashburnham": 14172.416,
     "Ashby": 14580.555,
     "Ashfield": 16282.423,
     "Ashland": 14033.218,
     "Athol": 17282.69,
     "Attleboro": 17106.765,
     "Auburn": 14598.634,
     "Avon": 18037.054,
     "Ayer": 15016.229,
     "Barnstable": 17613.806,
     "Barre": 15163.117,
     "Becket": 15782.423,
     "Bedford": 14055.943,
     "Belchertown": 14121.827,
     "Bellingham": 14676.909,
     "Belmont": 13634.976,
     "Berkley": 14940.495,
     "Berlin": 14296.384,
     "Bernardston": 15299.399,
     "Beverly": 14738.65,
     "Billerica": 14350.049,
     "Blackstone": 15136.279,
     "Blandford": 16448.521,
     "Bolton": 13693.982,
     "Boston": 21189.874,
     "Bourne": 15636.338,
     "Boxborough": 13758.723,
     "Boxford": 13245.732,
     "Boylston": 13343.956,
     "Braintree": 15047.458,
     "Brewster": 15380.566,
     "Bridgewater": 14483.952,
     "Brimfield": 15008.906,
     "Brockton": 20198.8,
     "Brookfield": 15565.41,
     "Brookline": 13851.499,
     "Buckland": 16822.229,
     "Burlington": 14671.301,
     "Cambridge": 17393.321,
     "Canton": 14594.881,
     "Carlisle": 13204.895,
     "Carver": 14914.379,
     "Charlemont": 15872.543,
     "Charlton": 15387.235,
     "Chatham": 15979.913,
     "Chelmsford": 13671.888,
     "Chelsea": 22257.617,
     "Cheshire": 17434.138,
     "Chester": 16049.544,
     "Chesterfield": 15184.957,
     "Chicopee": 18992.091,
     "Chilmark": 15528.796,
     "Clarksburg": 16745.855,
     "Clinton": 17171.809,
     "Cohasset": 12986.367,
     "Colrain": 17075.585,
     "Concord": 13553.658,
     "Conway": 14869.05,
     "Cummington": 15710.198,
     "Dalton": 15550.925,
     "Danvers": 14487.335,
     "Dartmouth": 15065.408,
     "Dedham": 15106.394,
     "Deerfield": 14441.343,
     "Dennis": 17562.23,
     "Dighton": 14527.137,
     "Douglas": 14412.526,
     "Dover": 13222.484,
     "Dracut": 15891.809,
     "Dudley": 15245.379,
     "Dunstable": 12994.659,
     "Duxbury": 13016.781,
     "East Bridgewater": 14574.062,
     "East Brookfield": 16826.504,
     "East Longmeadow": 14171.53,
     "Eastham": 15302.4,
     "Easthampton": 15263.035,
     "Easton": 13799.326,
     "Edgartown": 17070.817,
     "Egremont": 15132.838,
     "Erving": 15476.185,
     "Essex": 13780.243,
     "Everett": 21564.707,
     "Fairhaven": 16290.695,
     "Fall River": 21042.201,
     "Falmouth": 16049.367,
     "Fitchburg": 19198.274,
     "Florida": 18786.767,
     "Foxborough": 14594.501,
     "Framingham": 18652.653,
     "Franklin": 14040.872,
     "Freetown": 14073.991,
     "Gardner": 18181.495,
     "Georgetown": 13421.332,
     "Gill": 17707.805,
     "Gloucester": 16992.186,
     "Goshen": 15124.78,
     "Grafton": 13537.795,
     "Granby": 15016.488,
     "Granville": 15640.524,
     "Great Barrington": 17080.134,
     "Greenfield": 17117.92,
     "Groton": 13028.303,
     "Groveland": 13501.247,
     "Hadley": 15159.097,
     "Halifax": 14758.844,
     "Hamilton": 13181.259,
     "Hampden": 13836.658,
     "Hancock": 14546.709,
     "Hanover": 13437.601,
     "Hanson": 14816.781,
     "Hardwick": 15399.384,
     "Harvard": 13114.047,
     "Harwich": 16016.603,
     "Hatfield": 14323.452,
     "Haverhill": 18142.019,
     "Hawley": 15459.806,
     "Heath": 16998.912,
     "Hingham": 13218.309,
     "Hinsdale": 15565.601,
     "Holbrook": 17278.409,
     "Holden": 13530.829,
     "Holland": 15719.692,
     "Holliston": 13482.2,
     "Holyoke": 20799.751,
     "Hopedale": 14595.072,
     "Hopkinton": 13240.466,
     "Hubbardston": 15155.715,
     "Hudson": 16107.572,
     "Hull": 14956.882,
     "Huntington": 16351.129,
     "Ipswich": 14164.03,
     "Kingston": 14665.677,
     "Lakeville": 14062.634,
     "Lancaster": 13859.627,
     "Lanesborough": 14291.277,
     "Lawrence": 22370.18,
     "Lee": 16390.613,
     "Leicester": 15945.113,
     "Lenox": 14785.801,
     "Leominster": 18182.602,
     "Leverett": 14327.079,
     "Lexington": 13979.087,
     "Leyden": 15534.495,
     "Lincoln": 13646.735,
     "Littleton": 13022.095,
     "Longmeadow": 13041.037,
     "Lowell": 19969.161,
     "Ludlow": 15623.207,
     "Lunenburg": 14188.651,
     "Lynn": 20777.296,
     "Lynnfield": 13286.132,
     "Malden": 18993.356,
     "Mansfield": 14237.156,
     "Marblehead": 13201.665,
     "Marion": 14470.69,
     "Marlborough": 18728.269,
     "Marshfield": 14238.638,
     "Mashpee": 15878.031,
     "Mattapoisett": 14069.892,
     "Maynard": 15172.359,
     "Medfield": 13135.285,
     "Medford": 16995.01,
     "Medway": 13945.79,
     "Melrose": 13831.886,
     "Mendon": 13762.406,
     "Merrimac": 13538.599,
     "Methuen": 18417.031,
     "Middleborough": 15568.481,
     "Middlefield": 16266.44,
     "Middleton": 13798.969,
     "Milford": 18108.444,
     "Millbury": 15124.336,
     "Millis": 14101.068,
     "Millville": 15127.046,
     "Milton": 13502.471,
     "Monroe": 13171.722,
     "Monson": 15995.636,
     "Montague": 17426.432,
     "Monterey": 15162.891,
     "Montgomery": 16138.23,
     "Mount Washington": 10101.984,
     "Nahant": 13237.139,
     "Nantucket": 15937.951,
     "Natick": 13471.305,
     "Needham": 13597.218,
     "New Ashford": 10256.038,
     "New Bedford": 21140.085,
     "New Braintree": 15464.807,
     "New Marlborough": 15151.969,
     "New Salem": 17299.753,
     "Newbury": 14706.931,
     "Newburyport": 13273.566,
     "Newton": 14088.946,
     "Norfolk": 13545.284,
     "North Adams": 18666.83,
     "North Andover": 13890.107,
     "North Attleborough": 14274.757,
     "North Brookfield": 15584.743,
     "North Reading": 13788.916,
     "Northampton": 15274.023,
     "Northborough": 13657.511,
     "Northbridge": 15530.319,
     "Northfield": 15864.288,
     "Norton": 14423.416,
     "Norwell": 13208.863,
     "Norwood": 16626.255,
     "Oak Bluffs": 16721.619,
     "Oakham": 15311.336,
     "Orange": 18103.764,
     "Orleans": 15470.601,
     "Otis": 15051.263,
     "Oxford": 16321.063,
     "Palmer": 17315.459,
     "Paxton": 13669.376,
     "Peabody": 17145.572,
     "Pelham": 15200.335,
     "Pembroke": 13745.655,
     "Pepperell": 14695.265,
     "Peru": 15608.229,
     "Petersham": 16309.549,
     "Phillipston": 15926.134,
     "Pittsfield": 18655.828,
     "Plainfield": 16181.503,
     "Plainville": 14859.507,
     "Plymouth": 15614.72,
     "Plympton": 14610.204,
     "Princeton": 13617.993,
     "Provincetown": 17899.086,
     "Quincy": 18012.456,
     "Randolph": 18777.303,
     "Raynham": 14717.604,
     "Reading": 13471.297,
     "Rehoboth": 14153.825,
     "Revere": 20179.62,
     "Richmond": 14548.658,
     "Rochester": 14414.423,
     "Rockland": 17440.713,
     "Rockport": 14827.688,
     "Rowe": 17180.604,
     "Rowley": 14673.633,
     "Royalston": 17299.874,
     "Russell": 16231.192,
     "Rutland": 13544.747,
     "Salem": 18623.926,
     "Salisbury": 14874.953,
     "Sandisfield": 15051.263,
     "Sandwich": 14297.592,
     "Saugus": 17121.283,
     "Savoy": 18271.686,
     "Scituate": 13338.224,
     "Seekonk": 13682.588,
     "Sharon": 13590.761,
     "Sheffield": 15124.57,
     "Shelburne": 16449.723,
     "Sherborn": 13218.241,
     "Shirley": 15095.299,
     "Shrewsbury": 13515.614,
     "Shutesbury": 14530.429,
     "Somerset": 14848.396,
     "Somerville": 18518.632,
     "South Hadley": 14798.383,
     "Southampton": 13836.488,
     "Southborough": 13198.45,
     "Southbridge": 19918.575,
     "Southwick": 15201.714,
     "Spencer": 17088.394,
     "Springfield": 21147.652,
     "Sterling": 13654.349,
     "Stockbridge": 17083.068,
     "Stoneham": 14347.268,
     "Stoughton": 17115.724,
     "Stow": 13899.698,
     "Sturbridge": 14739.143,
     "Sudbury": 12890.984,
     "Sunderland": 14886.496,
     "Sutton": 13741.378,
     "Swampscott": 13840.75,
     "Swansea": 14602.379,
     "Taunton": 18311.553,
     "Templeton": 15613.788,
     "Tewksbury": 14213.784,
     "Tisbury": 16612.285,
     "Tolland": 15213.777,
     "Topsfield": 13237.392,
     "Townsend": 14657.043,
     "Truro": 14235.371,
     "Tyngsborough": 14575.216,
     "Tyringham": 11865.435,
     "Upton": 13687.599,
     "Uxbridge": 14670.734,
     "Wakefield": 14112.751,
     "Wales": 16224.838,
     "Walpole": 13776.829,
     "Waltham": 19234.521,
     "Ware": 17906.379,
     "Wareham": 17838.237,
     "Warren": 16823.67,
     "Warwick": 13889.474,
     "Washington": 15660.958,
     "Watertown": 16033.592,
     "Wayland": 13133.303,
     "Webster": 18810.513,
     "Wellesley": 13414.288,
     "Wellfleet": 15144.967,
     "Wendell": 16934.279,
     "Wenham": 13250.729,
     "West Boylston": 14622.489,
     "West Bridgewater": 14584.165,
     "West Brookfield": 16522.144,
     "West Newbury": 13293.071,
     "West Springfield": 17660.359,
     "West Stockbridge": 17009.784,
     "West Tisbury": 15668.319,
     "Westborough": 13790.946,
     "Westfield": 17064.552,
     "Westford": 13052.302,
     "Westhampton": 14389.049,
     "Westminster": 14125.327,
     "Weston": 13435.241,
     "Westport": 15294.382,
     "Westwood": 13181.679,
     "Weymouth": 16435.46,
     "Whately": 14426.106,
     "Whitman": 14941.496,
     "Wilbraham": 13842.836,
     "Williamsburg": 14677.331,
     "Williamstown": 14077.01,
     "Wilmington": 14336.072,
     "Winchendon": 16790.571,
     "Winchester": 13298.864,
     "Windsor": 15639.158,
     "Winthrop": 16122.189,
     "Woburn": 16651.615,
     "Worcester": 20146.559,
     "Worthington": 14165.218,
     "Wrentham": 13877.258,
     "Yarmouth": 17519.436
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   },
   {
    "covered": 349,
    "hi": 95.113,
    "key": "state_share",
    "kind": "pct",
    "label": "The state’s share of what it says each child needs",
    "lo": 17.499,
    "lunenburg": 39.591,
    "median": 24.056,
    "note": "Chapter 70 equalises on property valuation and income; all 351 towns, FY2026",
    "values": {
     "Abington": 43.88,
     "Acton": 19.068,
     "Acushnet": 40.608,
     "Adams": 69.44,
     "Agawam": 49.164,
     "Alford": 17.5,
     "Amesbury": 27.829,
     "Amherst": 20.595,
     "Andover": 18.2,
     "Aquinnah": 17.5,
     "Arlington": 24.056,
     "Ashburnham": 54.092,
     "Ashby": 46.371,
     "Ashfield": 24.206,
     "Ashland": 27.208,
     "Athol": 85.11,
     "Attleboro": 56.141,
     "Auburn": 44.964,
     "Avon": 42.512,
     "Ayer": 30.423,
     "Barnstable": 25.002,
     "Barre": 60.521,
     "Becket": 20.549,
     "Bedford": 17.5,
     "Belchertown": 46.161,
     "Bellingham": 30.349,
     "Belmont": 19.392,
     "Berkley": 40.123,
     "Berlin": 29.874,
     "Bernardston": 42.744,
     "Beverly": 19.555,
     "Billerica": 19.963,
     "Blackstone": 50.066,
     "Blandford": 27.006,
     "Bolton": 19.407,
     "Boston": 17.5,
     "Bourne": 17.756,
     "Boxborough": 22.355,
     "Boxford": 19.848,
     "Boylston": 17.5,
     "Braintree": 23.945,
     "Brewster": 17.5,
     "Bridgewater": 42.396,
     "Brimfield": 44.025,
     "Brockton": 81.827,
     "Brookfield": 55.844,
     "Brookline": 17.5,
     "Buckland": 45.339,
     "Burlington": 19.36,
     "Cambridge": 17.5,
     "Canton": 19.568,
     "Carlisle": 17.5,
     "Carver": 44.544,
     "Charlemont": 44.461,
     "Charlton": 40.432,
     "Chatham": 17.5,
     "Chelmsford": 19.624,
     "Chelsea": 83.911,
     "Cheshire": 50.253,
     "Chester": 50.76,
     "Chesterfield": 22.358,
     "Chicopee": 73.327,
     "Chilmark": 17.5,
     "Clarksburg": 73.522,
     "Clinton": 59.762,
     "Cohasset": 17.5,
     "Colrain": 47.755,
     "Concord": 17.5,
     "Conway": 17.5,
     "Cummington": 17.5,
     "Dalton": 54.143,
     "Danvers": 20.974,
     "Dartmouth": 17.5,
     "Dedham": 23.081,
     "Deerfield": 17.5,
     "Dennis": 17.5,
     "Dighton": 45.408,
     "Douglas": 34.786,
     "Dover": 17.5,
     "Dracut": 48.552,
     "Dudley": 63.286,
     "Dunstable": 21.088,
     "Duxbury": 17.702,
     "East Bridgewater": 44.088,
     "East Brookfield": 49.28,
     "East Longmeadow": 40.99,
     "Eastham": 17.5,
     "Easthampton": 33.792,
     "Easton": 19.821,
     "Edgartown": 17.5,
     "Egremont": 17.5,
     "Erving": 17.5,
     "Essex": 17.5,
     "Everett": 73.455,
     "Fairhaven": 35.33,
     "Fall River": 84.24,
     "Falmouth": 17.5,
     "Fitchburg": 77.997,
     "Florida": 41.442,
     "Foxborough": 19.929,
     "Framingham": 53.17,
     "Franklin": 22.895,
     "Freetown": 24.104,
     "Gardner": 71.885,
     "Georgetown": 18.744,
     "Gill": 40.738,
     "Gloucester": 22.413,
     "Goshen": 35.161,
     "Grafton": 29.888,
     "Granby": 33.09,
     "Granville": 29.942,
     "Great Barrington": 20.702,
     "Greenfield": 57.377,
     "Groton": 17.5,
     "Groveland": 26.744,
     "Hadley": 18.498,
     "Halifax": 44.178,
     "Hamilton": 18.745,
     "Hampden": 19.081,
     "Hancock": 31.652,
     "Hanover": 21.19,
     "Hanson": 37.292,
     "Hardwick": 56.381,
     "Harvard": 19.665,
     "Harwich": 17.5,
     "Hatfield": 17.5,
     "Haverhill": 62.933,
     "Hawley": 17.5,
     "Heath": 62.139,
     "Hingham": 17.5,
     "Hinsdale": 29.11,
     "Holbrook": 54.656,
     "Holden": 40.522,
     "Holland": 35.057,
     "Holliston": 21.89,
     "Holyoke": 88.438,
     "Hopedale": 42.324,
     "Hopkinton": 17.5,
     "Hubbardston": 45.561,
     "Hudson": 37.13,
     "Hull": 17.5,
     "Huntington": 58.896,
     "Ipswich": 17.5,
     "Kingston": 36.452,
     "Lakeville": 26.74,
     "Lancaster": 30.897,
     "Lanesborough": 40.228,
     "Lawrence": 95.113,
     "Lee": 17.5,
     "Leicester": 45.277,
     "Lenox": 17.5,
     "Leominster": 65.332,
     "Leverett": 17.5,
     "Lexington": 17.5,
     "Leyden": 47.351,
     "Lincoln": 17.5,
     "Littleton": 18.615,
     "Longmeadow": 19.413,
     "Lowell": 79.132,
     "Ludlow": 41.93,
     "Lunenburg": 39.591,
     "Lynn": 82.45,
     "Lynnfield": 19.716,
     "Malden": 53.489,
     "Mansfield": 19.567,
     "Marblehead": 17.5,
     "Marion": 20.916,
     "Marlborough": 53.244,
     "Marshfield": 18.262,
     "Mashpee": 17.5,
     "Mattapoisett": 17.5,
     "Maynard": 27.005,
     "Medfield": 17.5,
     "Medford": 20.659,
     "Medway": 26.041,
     "Melrose": 20.338,
     "Mendon": 17.5,
     "Merrimac": 26.845,
     "Methuen": 58.915,
     "Middleborough": 45.243,
     "Middlefield": 19.406,
     "Middleton": 17.5,
     "Milford": 63.144,
     "Millbury": 35.313,
     "Millis": 17.5,
     "Millville": 51.945,
     "Milton": 19.785,
     "Monroe": 60.153,
     "Monson": 42.234,
     "Montague": 52.099,
     "Monterey": 17.5,
     "Montgomery": 25.713,
     "Mount Washington": 17.499,
     "Nahant": 17.5,
     "Nantucket": 17.5,
     "Natick": 19.703,
     "Needham": 17.5,
     "New Ashford": 17.5,
     "New Bedford": 86.187,
     "New Braintree": 35.436,
     "New Marlborough": 17.5,
     "New Salem": 34.87,
     "Newbury": 17.5,
     "Newburyport": 17.5,
     "Newton": 17.5,
     "Norfolk": 21.514,
     "North Adams": 73.304,
     "North Andover": 18.22,
     "North Attleborough": 31.356,
     "North Brookfield": 54.984,
     "North Reading": 19.868,
     "Northampton": 19.311,
     "Northborough": 17.5,
     "Northbridge": 44.132,
     "Northfield": 21.851,
     "Norton": 21.371,
     "Norwell": 17.5,
     "Norwood": 30.957,
     "Oak Bluffs": 17.5,
     "Oakham": 42.223,
     "Orange": 73.023,
     "Orleans": 17.5,
     "Otis": 17.5,
     "Oxford": 49.336,
     "Palmer": 60.459,
     "Paxton": 35.42,
     "Peabody": 38.666,
     "Pelham": 29.42,
     "Pembroke": 20.913,
     "Pepperell": 40.852,
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     "Dartmouth": 331144.611,
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     "Dudley": 72522.795,
     "Dunstable": 81740.341,
     "Duxbury": 97877.08,
     "East Bridgewater": 164655.051,
     "East Brookfield": 178339.656,
     "East Longmeadow": 205467.096,
     "Eastham": 354060.462,
     "Easthampton": 203159.084,
     "Easton": 197414.445,
     "Edgartown": 1716876.837,
     "Egremont": 476559.523,
     "Erving": 3450657.413,
     "Essex": 266670.65,
     "Everett": 268693.632,
     "Fairhaven": 262841.012,
     "Fall River": 127723.334,
     "Falmouth": 521834.131,
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     "Freetown": 431413.286,
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     "Gloucester": 314603.035,
     "Goshen": 170074.779,
     "Grafton": 127948.921,
     "Granby": 165621.402,
     "Granville": 324200.042,
     "Great Barrington": 555908.412,
     "Greenfield": 302694.542,
     "Groton": 77574.313,
     "Groveland": 122976.404,
     "Hadley": 994493.12,
     "Halifax": 118915.332,
     "Hamilton": 87704.881,
     "Hampden": 279648.938,
     "Hancock": 2029194.453,
     "Hanover": 271854.215,
     "Hanson": 121857.152,
     "Hardwick": 113693.724,
     "Harvard": 83680.287,
     "Harwich": 496775.199,
     "Hatfield": 633666.928,
     "Haverhill": 153274.489,
     "Hawley": 327870.826,
     "Heath": 177188.687,
     "Hingham": 314283.186,
     "Hinsdale": 519224.366,
     "Holbrook": 197900.879,
     "Holden": 50053.723,
     "Holland": 68797.244,
     "Holliston": 188318.06,
     "Holyoke": 118295.266,
     "Hopedale": 230102.473,
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     "Huntington": 74909.178,
     "Ipswich": 291196.899,
     "Kingston": 198686.83,
     "Lakeville": 213031.751,
     "Lancaster": 185517.499,
     "Lanesborough": 258712.515,
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     "Medfield": 88227.305,
     "Medford": 418656.625,
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     "Merrimac": 63066.915,
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     "Monroe": 820289.609,
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     "Montague": 418265.96,
     "Monterey": 335965.145,
     "Montgomery": 126387.747,
     "Mount Washington": 764496.0,
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     "New Bedford": 125743.319,
     "New Braintree": 157177.395,
     "New Marlborough": 396875.549,
     "New Salem": 213453.802,
     "Newbury": 193706.867,
     "Newburyport": 379228.422,
     "Newton": 297555.386,
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     "North Andover": 365655.406,
     "North Attleborough": 205234.014,
     "North Brookfield": 143326.199,
     "North Reading": 281012.628,
     "Northampton": 338056.765,
     "Northborough": 508330.312,
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     "Norwell": 244089.083,
     "Norwood": 599692.66,
     "Oak Bluffs": 560992.776,
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     "Orleans": 1071727.568,
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     "Oxford": 259957.264,
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     "Paxton": 45936.941,
     "Peabody": 350549.095,
     "Pelham": 142211.683,
     "Pembroke": 215947.845,
     "Pepperell": 72051.576,
     "Peru": 238989.515,
     "Petersham": 170850.132,
     "Phillipston": 91678.708,
     "Pittsfield": 187380.527,
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     "Plainville": 586845.287,
     "Plymouth": 354026.565,
     "Plympton": 446552.895,
     "Princeton": 56963.044,
     "Provincetown": 8043856.02,
     "Quincy": 357287.153,
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     "Rehoboth": 185375.064,
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     "Rutland": 52922.541,
     "Salem": 354391.368,
     "Salisbury": 506217.692,
     "Sandisfield": 516812.416,
     "Sandwich": 370748.64,
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     "Shelburne": 655500.095,
     "Sherborn": 102658.636,
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     "South Hadley": 115922.642,
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     "Stockbridge": 1056930.802,
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     "Tisbury": 795954.901,
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     "Truro": 1081189.712,
     "Tyngsborough": 213342.424,
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     "Westminster": 143689.399,
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     "Whately": 619466.175,
     "Whitman": 118227.955,
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     "Williamsburg": 197864.991,
     "Williamstown": 211380.499,
     "Wilmington": 609923.634,
     "Winchendon": 87152.902,
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     "Yarmouth": 345317.006
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   },
   {
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    "key": "per_pupil",
    "kind": "usd",
    "label": "Spent per pupil by its schools",
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    "median": 22308.0,
    "note": "only towns running their own K–12 district, SY2025",
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     "Chelmsford": 19876.0,
     "Chicopee": 24501.0,
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     "Cohasset": 25837.0,
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     "Duxbury": 22479.0,
     "East Bridgewater": 19412.0,
     "East Longmeadow": 21935.0,
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     "Falmouth": 26965.0,
     "Fitchburg": 22714.0,
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     "Framingham": 26733.0,
     "Franklin": 21530.0,
     "Gardner": 18939.0,
     "Georgetown": 21277.0,
     "Gloucester": 23691.0,
     "Grafton": 17941.0,
     "Granby": 20718.0,
     "Greenfield": 24217.0,
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     "Hanover": 18856.0,
     "Harvard": 25565.0,
     "Hatfield": 27221.0,
     "Haverhill": 21599.0,
     "Hingham": 24187.0,
     "Holbrook": 19375.0,
     "Holliston": 20401.0,
     "Holyoke": 25371.0,
     "Hopedale": 20694.0,
     "Hopkinton": 19415.0,
     "Hudson": 25067.0,
     "Hull": 33702.0,
     "Ipswich": 27412.0,
     "Lawrence": 24394.0,
     "Lee": 21999.0,
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     "Leominster": 20182.0,
     "Lexington": 29643.0,
     "Littleton": 21367.0,
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     "Lowell": 22781.0,
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     "Lunenburg": 18027.0,
     "Lynn": 23960.0,
     "Lynnfield": 21363.0,
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     "Marblehead": 24013.0,
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     "Marshfield": 20244.0,
     "Mashpee": 26994.0,
     "Maynard": 26738.0,
     "Medfield": 22082.0,
     "Medford": 25981.0,
     "Medway": 20069.0,
     "Melrose": 17315.0,
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     "Middleborough": 20820.0,
     "Milford": 22608.0,
     "Millbury": 22036.0,
     "Millis": 22986.0,
     "Milton": 21082.0,
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     "Natick": 23068.0,
     "Needham": 27151.0,
     "New Bedford": 23915.0,
     "Newburyport": 24543.0,
     "Newton": 28483.0,
     "North Adams": 25570.0,
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     "North Attleborough": 18581.0,
     "North Brookfield": 22508.0,
     "North Reading": 23056.0,
     "Northampton": 22536.0,
     "Northbridge": 19568.0,
     "Norton": 21210.0,
     "Norwell": 20446.0,
     "Norwood": 24920.0,
     "Oxford": 20595.0,
     "Palmer": 22137.0,
     "Peabody": 21799.0,
     "Pembroke": 21722.0,
     "Pittsfield": 23375.0,
     "Plymouth": 24622.0,
     "Quincy": 23478.0,
     "Randolph": 23764.0,
     "Reading": 21490.0,
     "Revere": 24037.0,
     "Rockland": 22618.0,
     "Rockport": 32423.0,
     "Salem": 26480.0,
     "Sandwich": 28049.0,
     "Saugus": 19741.0,
     "Scituate": 22931.0,
     "Seekonk": 21225.0,
     "Sharon": 23294.0,
     "Shrewsbury": 20650.0,
     "South Hadley": 21704.0,
     "Southbridge": 25651.0,
     "Springfield": 25349.0,
     "Stoneham": 23395.0,
     "Stoughton": 22539.0,
     "Sutton": 21011.0,
     "Swampscott": 22274.0,
     "Swansea": 20614.0,
     "Taunton": 19775.0,
     "Tewksbury": 25855.0,
     "Tyngsborough": 20853.0,
     "Uxbridge": 20990.0,
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     "Walpole": 21923.0,
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     "Wareham": 24538.0,
     "Wayland": 25481.0,
     "Webster": 23090.0,
     "Wellesley": 30745.0,
     "West Boylston": 21971.0,
     "West Bridgewater": 18633.0,
     "West Springfield": 21369.0,
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     "Westfield": 21417.0,
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     "Weston": 31181.0,
     "Westport": 19554.0,
     "Westwood": 25954.0,
     "Weymouth": 21645.0,
     "Wilmington": 27366.0,
     "Winchendon": 20121.0,
     "Winchester": 21115.0,
     "Winthrop": 19715.0,
     "Woburn": 27089.0,
     "Worcester": 22276.0
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   },
   {
    "covered": 161,
    "hi": 2.321,
    "key": "above",
    "kind": "ratio",
    "label": "Spent above what the state says its schools need",
    "lo": 1.042,
    "lunenburg": 1.271,
    "median": 1.457,
    "note": "only towns running their own K–12 district, SY2025",
    "values": {
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     "Agawam": 1.419,
     "Amesbury": 1.579,
     "Andover": 1.813,
     "Arlington": 1.616,
     "Ashland": 1.383,
     "Attleboro": 1.152,
     "Auburn": 1.284,
     "Avon": 1.28,
     "Bedford": 1.949,
     "Belchertown": 1.348,
     "Bellingham": 1.486,
     "Belmont": 1.571,
     "Beverly": 1.46,
     "Billerica": 1.506,
     "Bourne": 1.594,
     "Braintree": 1.377,
     "Brockton": 1.121,
     "Burlington": 2.004,
     "Canton": 1.731,
     "Carver": 1.505,
     "Chelmsford": 1.454,
     "Chicopee": 1.29,
     "Clinton": 1.219,
     "Cohasset": 1.99,
     "Danvers": 1.641,
     "Dartmouth": 1.373,
     "Dedham": 1.913,
     "Douglas": 1.491,
     "Dracut": 1.082,
     "Duxbury": 1.727,
     "East Bridgewater": 1.332,
     "East Longmeadow": 1.548,
     "Easthampton": 1.375,
     "Easton": 1.391,
     "Fairhaven": 1.17,
     "Fall River": 1.151,
     "Falmouth": 1.68,
     "Fitchburg": 1.183,
     "Foxborough": 1.57,
     "Framingham": 1.433,
     "Franklin": 1.533,
     "Gardner": 1.042,
     "Georgetown": 1.585,
     "Gloucester": 1.394,
     "Grafton": 1.325,
     "Granby": 1.38,
     "Greenfield": 1.415,
     "Hadley": 1.595,
     "Hanover": 1.403,
     "Harvard": 1.949,
     "Hatfield": 1.9,
     "Haverhill": 1.191,
     "Hingham": 1.83,
     "Holbrook": 1.121,
     "Holliston": 1.513,
     "Holyoke": 1.22,
     "Hopedale": 1.418,
     "Hopkinton": 1.466,
     "Hudson": 1.556,
     "Hull": 2.253,
     "Ipswich": 1.935,
     "Lawrence": 1.09,
     "Lee": 1.342,
     "Leicester": 1.452,
     "Lenox": 1.778,
     "Leominster": 1.11,
     "Lexington": 2.121,
     "Littleton": 1.641,
     "Longmeadow": 1.514,
     "Lowell": 1.141,
     "Ludlow": 1.473,
     "Lunenburg": 1.271,
     "Lynn": 1.153,
     "Lynnfield": 1.608,
     "Mansfield": 1.704,
     "Marblehead": 1.819,
     "Marlborough": 1.146,
     "Marshfield": 1.422,
     "Mashpee": 1.7,
     "Maynard": 1.762,
     "Medfield": 1.681,
     "Medford": 1.529,
     "Medway": 1.439,
     "Melrose": 1.252,
     "Methuen": 1.2,
     "Middleborough": 1.337,
     "Milford": 1.248,
     "Millbury": 1.457,
     "Millis": 1.63,
     "Milton": 1.561,
     "Monson": 1.395,
     "Natick": 1.712,
     "Needham": 1.997,
     "New Bedford": 1.131,
     "Newburyport": 1.849,
     "Newton": 2.022,
     "North Adams": 1.37,
     "North Andover": 1.456,
     "North Attleborough": 1.302,
     "North Brookfield": 1.444,
     "North Reading": 1.672,
     "Northampton": 1.475,
     "Northbridge": 1.26,
     "Norton": 1.471,
     "Norwell": 1.548,
     "Norwood": 1.499,
     "Oxford": 1.262,
     "Palmer": 1.278,
     "Peabody": 1.271,
     "Pembroke": 1.58,
     "Pittsfield": 1.253,
     "Plymouth": 1.577,
     "Quincy": 1.303,
     "Randolph": 1.266,
     "Reading": 1.595,
     "Revere": 1.191,
     "Rockland": 1.297,
     "Rockport": 2.187,
     "Salem": 1.422,
     "Sandwich": 1.962,
     "Saugus": 1.153,
     "Scituate": 1.719,
     "Seekonk": 1.551,
     "Sharon": 1.714,
     "Shrewsbury": 1.528,
     "South Hadley": 1.467,
     "Southbridge": 1.288,
     "Springfield": 1.199,
     "Stoneham": 1.631,
     "Stoughton": 1.317,
     "Sutton": 1.529,
     "Swampscott": 1.609,
     "Swansea": 1.412,
     "Taunton": 1.08,
     "Tewksbury": 1.819,
     "Tyngsborough": 1.431,
     "Uxbridge": 1.431,
     "Wakefield": 1.582,
     "Walpole": 1.591,
     "Ware": 1.174,
     "Wareham": 1.376,
     "Wayland": 1.94,
     "Webster": 1.228,
     "Wellesley": 2.292,
     "West Boylston": 1.503,
     "West Bridgewater": 1.278,
     "West Springfield": 1.21,
     "Westborough": 1.678,
     "Westfield": 1.255,
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     "Weston": 2.321,
     "Westport": 1.279,
     "Westwood": 1.969,
     "Weymouth": 1.317,
     "Wilmington": 1.909,
     "Winchendon": 1.198,
     "Winchester": 1.588,
     "Winthrop": 1.223,
     "Woburn": 1.627,
     "Worcester": 1.106
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   },
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    "key": "low_income",
    "kind": "pct",
    "label": "Share of children from low-income families",
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    "lunenburg": 23.3,
    "median": 28.1,
    "note": "only towns running their own K–12 district, SY2025",
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     "Amesbury": 33.9,
     "Andover": 12.2,
     "Arlington": 10.9,
     "Ashland": 22.7,
     "Attleboro": 39.6,
     "Auburn": 28.0,
     "Avon": 44.3,
     "Bedford": 13.6,
     "Belchertown": 23.4,
     "Bellingham": 33.3,
     "Belmont": 12.5,
     "Beverly": 32.0,
     "Billerica": 25.7,
     "Bourne": 36.9,
     "Braintree": 28.1,
     "Brockton": 74.0,
     "Burlington": 20.2,
     "Canton": 22.2,
     "Carver": 29.1,
     "Chelmsford": 17.0,
     "Chicopee": 65.2,
     "Clinton": 51.4,
     "Cohasset": 6.1,
     "Danvers": 26.9,
     "Dartmouth": 29.5,
     "Dedham": 29.4,
     "Douglas": 23.7,
     "Dracut": 34.8,
     "Duxbury": 7.6,
     "East Bridgewater": 25.4,
     "East Longmeadow": 25.4,
     "Easthampton": 38.9,
     "Easton": 19.8,
     "Fairhaven": 37.6,
     "Fall River": 78.3,
     "Falmouth": 38.1,
     "Fitchburg": 71.5,
     "Foxborough": 22.9,
     "Framingham": 56.3,
     "Franklin": 17.2,
     "Gardner": 63.0,
     "Georgetown": 13.4,
     "Gloucester": 44.5,
     "Grafton": 15.9,
     "Granby": 33.8,
     "Greenfield": 61.5,
     "Hadley": 29.7,
     "Hanover": 9.8,
     "Harvard": 10.8,
     "Hatfield": 22.3,
     "Haverhill": 61.0,
     "Hingham": 8.0,
     "Holbrook": 45.6,
     "Holliston": 11.1,
     "Holyoke": 83.6,
     "Hopedale": 22.5,
     "Hopkinton": 7.5,
     "Hudson": 38.9,
     "Hull": 32.7,
     "Ipswich": 19.5,
     "Lawrence": 84.7,
     "Lee": 42.0,
     "Leicester": 40.3,
     "Lenox": 21.0,
     "Leominster": 52.9,
     "Lexington": 9.8,
     "Littleton": 9.1,
     "Longmeadow": 11.9,
     "Lowell": 71.3,
     "Ludlow": 37.2,
     "Lunenburg": 23.3,
     "Lynn": 73.9,
     "Lynnfield": 9.8,
     "Mansfield": 19.6,
     "Marblehead": 11.7,
     "Marlborough": 60.6,
     "Marshfield": 17.8,
     "Mashpee": 40.1,
     "Maynard": 24.7,
     "Medfield": 6.9,
     "Medford": 37.3,
     "Medway": 15.2,
     "Melrose": 15.0,
     "Methuen": 54.3,
     "Middleborough": 39.2,
     "Milford": 57.9,
     "Millbury": 33.5,
     "Millis": 17.5,
     "Milton": 13.6,
     "Monson": 39.0,
     "Natick": 14.2,
     "Needham": 7.1,
     "New Bedford": 78.9,
     "Newburyport": 13.0,
     "Newton": 13.7,
     "North Adams": 69.5,
     "North Andover": 22.8,
     "North Attleborough": 25.2,
     "North Brookfield": 47.9,
     "North Reading": 10.1,
     "Northampton": 31.8,
     "Northbridge": 37.0,
     "Norton": 24.4,
     "Norwell": 5.7,
     "Norwood": 40.5,
     "Oxford": 42.4,
     "Palmer": 54.4,
     "Peabody": 45.3,
     "Pembroke": 17.3,
     "Pittsfield": 64.6,
     "Plymouth": 31.3,
     "Quincy": 47.5,
     "Randolph": 62.9,
     "Reading": 10.9,
     "Revere": 66.1,
     "Rockland": 46.5,
     "Rockport": 26.3,
     "Salem": 59.8,
     "Sandwich": 23.3,
     "Saugus": 47.9,
     "Scituate": 10.5,
     "Seekonk": 18.0,
     "Sharon": 12.5,
     "Shrewsbury": 17.6,
     "South Hadley": 34.9,
     "Southbridge": 80.6,
     "Springfield": 83.9,
     "Stoneham": 22.1,
     "Stoughton": 45.4,
     "Sutton": 16.8,
     "Swampscott": 20.4,
     "Swansea": 26.5,
     "Taunton": 58.7,
     "Tewksbury": 21.4,
     "Tyngsborough": 23.3,
     "Uxbridge": 28.0,
     "Wakefield": 15.8,
     "Walpole": 14.3,
     "Ware": 63.7,
     "Wareham": 62.9,
     "Wayland": 8.1,
     "Webster": 71.0,
     "Wellesley": 8.2,
     "West Boylston": 28.5,
     "West Bridgewater": 23.5,
     "West Springfield": 57.4,
     "Westborough": 17.4,
     "Westfield": 48.8,
     "Westford": 8.7,
     "Weston": 7.9,
     "Westport": 35.3,
     "Westwood": 7.3,
     "Weymouth": 39.8,
     "Wilmington": 14.0,
     "Winchendon": 53.5,
     "Winchester": 7.7,
     "Winthrop": 36.3,
     "Woburn": 40.5,
     "Worcester": 71.9
    }
   },
   {
    "covered": 349,
    "hi": 31.2,
    "key": "homes_pp",
    "kind": "rate",
    "label": "Single-family homes per child",
    "lo": 0.114,
    "lunenburg": 2.139,
    "median": 2.139,
    "note": "all 351 towns, FY2026",
    "values": {
     "Abington": 1.668,
     "Acton": 1.203,
     "Acushnet": 2.553,
     "Adams": 2.26,
     "Agawam": 2.241,
     "Alford": 15.75,
     "Amesbury": 1.734,
     "Amherst": 2.036,
     "Andover": 1.586,
     "Aquinnah": 7.196,
     "Arlington": 1.268,
     "Ashburnham": 2.37,
     "Ashby": 2.687,
     "Ashfield": 4.054,
     "Ashland": 1.322,
     "Athol": 1.956,
     "Attleboro": 1.549,
     "Auburn": 2.024,
     "Avon": 2.011,
     "Ayer": 1.59,
     "Barnstable": 3.895,
     "Barre": 2.027,
     "Becket": 8.655,
     "Bedford": 1.342,
     "Belchertown": 2.153,
     "Bellingham": 2.137,
     "Belmont": 1.002,
     "Berkley": 2.199,
     "Berlin": 1.841,
     "Bernardston": 3.061,
     "Beverly": 1.844,
     "Billerica": 2.024,
     "Blackstone": 1.717,
     "Blandford": 4.952,
     "Bolton": 1.684,
     "Boston": 0.528,
     "Bourne": 4.273,
     "Boxborough": 1.402,
     "Boxford": 1.967,
     "Boylston": 2.334,
     "Braintree": 1.721,
     "Brewster": 5.667,
     "Bridgewater": 1.551,
     "Brimfield": 2.62,
     "Brockton": 0.92,
     "Brookfield": 2.163,
     "Brookline": 0.665,
     "Buckland": 3.317,
     "Burlington": 1.812,
     "Cambridge": 0.527,
     "Canton": 1.629,
     "Carlisle": 2.051,
     "Carver": 2.046,
     "Charlemont": 3.167,
     "Charlton": 2.222,
     "Chatham": 15.041,
     "Chelmsford": 1.696,
     "Chelsea": 0.114,
     "Cheshire": 3.309,
     "Chester": 3.714,
     "Chesterfield": 5.464,
     "Chicopee": 1.559,
     "Chilmark": 10.615,
     "Clarksburg": 2.347,
     "Clinton": 1.149,
     "Cohasset": 1.71,
     "Colrain": 3.477,
     "Concord": 1.614,
     "Conway": 3.791,
     "Cummington": 6.878,
     "Dalton": 2.235,
     "Danvers": 1.738,
     "Dartmouth": 2.872,
     "Dedham": 2.365,
     "Deerfield": 2.767,
     "Dennis": 10.884,
     "Dighton": 2.041,
     "Douglas": 2.465,
     "Dover": 1.729,
     "Dracut": 1.839,
     "Dudley": 1.961,
     "Dunstable": 2.02,
     "Duxbury": 1.849,
     "East Bridgewater": 1.896,
     "East Brookfield": 3.047,
     "East Longmeadow": 2.253,
     "Eastham": 11.352,
     "Easthampton": 2.59,
     "Easton": 1.684,
     "Edgartown": 5.902,
     "Egremont": 9.034,
     "Erving": 2.505,
     "Essex": 2.043,
     "Everett": 0.335,
     "Fairhaven": 3.059,
     "Fall River": 0.665,
     "Falmouth": 6.172,
     "Fitchburg": 1.076,
     "Florida": 3.974,
     "Foxborough": 1.669,
     "Framingham": 1.327,
     "Franklin": 1.509,
     "Freetown": 2.405,
     "Gardner": 1.52,
     "Georgetown": 2.064,
     "Gill": 3.603,
     "Gloucester": 2.318,
     "Goshen": 5.326,
     "Grafton": 1.537,
     "Granby": 3.166,
     "Granville": 3.43,
     "Great Barrington": 3.253,
     "Greenfield": 2.144,
     "Groton": 1.892,
     "Groveland": 2.06,
     "Hadley": 3.903,
     "Halifax": 2.026,
     "Hamilton": 2.164,
     "Hampden": 3.233,
     "Hancock": 3.826,
     "Hanover": 1.659,
     "Hanson": 2.258,
     "Hardwick": 2.256,
     "Harvard": 1.945,
     "Harwich": 6.619,
     "Hatfield": 3.669,
     "Haverhill": 1.141,
     "Hawley": 6.304,
     "Heath": 4.096,
     "Hingham": 1.771,
     "Hinsdale": 4.038,
     "Holbrook": 2.125,
     "Holden": 1.87,
     "Holland": 4.805,
     "Holliston": 1.723,
     "Holyoke": 0.919,
     "Hopedale": 1.552,
     "Hopkinton": 1.07,
     "Hubbardston": 2.524,
     "Hudson": 1.72,
     "Hull": 5.437,
     "Huntington": 2.603,
     "Ipswich": 2.341,
     "Kingston": 1.893,
     "Lakeville": 2.407,
     "Lancaster": 2.021,
     "Lanesborough": 3.193,
     "Lawrence": 0.26,
     "Lee": 3.462,
     "Leicester": 2.363,
     "Lenox": 3.653,
     "Leominster": 1.359,
     "Leverett": 3.554,
     "Lexington": 1.314,
     "Leyden": 3.597,
     "Lincoln": 1.92,
     "Littleton": 1.888,
     "Longmeadow": 1.997,
     "Lowell": 0.643,
     "Ludlow": 2.802,
     "Lunenburg": 2.139,
     "Lynn": 0.63,
     "Lynnfield": 1.746,
     "Malden": 0.797,
     "Mansfield": 1.625,
     "Marblehead": 2.416,
     "Marion": 3.175,
     "Marlborough": 1.177,
     "Marshfield": 2.53,
     "Mashpee": 4.986,
     "Mattapoisett": 4.329,
     "Maynard": 2.032,
     "Medfield": 1.48,
     "Medford": 1.741,
     "Medway": 1.684,
     "Melrose": 1.573,
     "Mendon": 2.222,
     "Merrimac": 1.908,
     "Methuen": 1.512,
     "Middleborough": 1.833,
     "Middlefield": 8.261,
     "Middleton": 1.751,
     "Milford": 1.19,
     "Millbury": 2.187,
     "Millis": 2.001,
     "Millville": 1.981,
     "Milton": 1.64,
     "Monroe": 2.913,
     "Monson": 3.107,
     "Montague": 2.384,
     "Monterey": 9.024,
     "Montgomery": 4.427,
     "Mount Washington": 31.2,
     "Nahant": 4.473,
     "Nantucket": 3.31,
     "Natick": 1.595,
     "Needham": 1.509,
     "New Ashford": 7.917,
     "New Bedford": 0.796,
     "New Braintree": 2.496,
     "New Marlborough": 7.814,
     "New Salem": 5.296,
     "Newbury": 3.849,
     "Newburyport": 2.152,
     "Newton": 1.457,
     "Norfolk": 1.815,
     "North Adams": 1.883,
     "North Andover": 1.417,
     "North Attleborough": 1.703,
     "North Brookfield": 2.295,
     "North Reading": 1.876,
     "Northampton": 2.096,
     "Northborough": 1.693,
     "Northbridge": 1.763,
     "Northfield": 3.704,
     "Norton": 2.013,
     "Norwell": 1.616,
     "Norwood": 1.563,
     "Oak Bluffs": 5.617,
     "Oakham": 2.889,
     "Orange": 2.064,
     "Orleans": 9.199,
     "Otis": 11.727,
     "Oxford": 2.263,
     "Palmer": 2.277,
     "Paxton": 2.341,
     "Peabody": 1.752,
     "Pelham": 3.373,
     "Pembroke": 2.194,
     "Pepperell": 2.022,
     "Peru": 3.455,
     "Petersham": 2.918,
     "Phillipston": 3.54,
     "Pittsfield": 2.032,
     "Plainfield": 4.121,
     "Plainville": 1.594,
     "Plymouth": 2.727,
     "Plympton": 2.116,
     "Princeton": 2.816,
     "Provincetown": 8.83,
     "Quincy": 1.387,
     "Randolph": 2.049,
     "Raynham": 1.629,
     "Reading": 1.776,
     "Rehoboth": 2.718,
     "Revere": 0.541,
     "Richmond": 6.089,
     "Rochester": 2.056,
     "Rockland": 1.636,
     "Rockport": 4.566,
     "Rowe": 5.171,
     "Rowley": 2.446,
     "Royalston": 4.296,
     "Russell": 2.519,
     "Rutland": 1.712,
     "Salem": 1.131,
     "Salisbury": 2.53,
     "Sandisfield": 6.73,
     "Sandwich": 3.714,
     "Saugus": 2.311,
     "Savoy": 6.245,
     "Scituate": 2.477,
     "Seekonk": 2.397,
     "Sharon": 1.554,
     "Sheffield": 4.175,
     "Shelburne": 3.412,
     "Sherborn": 1.432,
     "Shirley": 2.065,
     "Shrewsbury": 1.59,
     "Shutesbury": 3.71,
     "Somerset": 2.466,
     "Somerville": 0.449,
     "South Hadley": 2.456,
     "Southampton": 2.741,
     "Southborough": 1.691,
     "Southbridge": 1.128,
     "Southwick": 2.955,
     "Spencer": 2.294,
     "Springfield": 0.935,
     "Sterling": 2.658,
     "Stockbridge": 8.841,
     "Stoneham": 1.992,
     "Stoughton": 1.689,
     "Stow": 1.97,
     "Sturbridge": 1.929,
     "Sudbury": 1.436,
     "Sunderland": 2.785,
     "Sutton": 2.221,
     "Swampscott": 1.665,
     "Swansea": 2.847,
     "Taunton": 1.219,
     "Templeton": 2.057,
     "Tewksbury": 2.187,
     "Tisbury": 3.801,
     "Tolland": 24.048,
     "Topsfield": 1.799,
     "Townsend": 2.332,
     "Truro": 13.215,
     "Tyngsborough": 1.91,
     "Tyringham": 7.343,
     "Upton": 1.955,
     "Uxbridge": 2.056,
     "Wakefield": 1.793,
     "Wales": 3.096,
     "Walpole": 1.795,
     "Waltham": 1.502,
     "Ware": 1.98,
     "Wareham": 3.858,
     "Warren": 2.021,
     "Warwick": 6.667,
     "Washington": 4.759,
     "Watertown": 1.007,
     "Wayland": 1.51,
     "Webster": 1.904,
     "Wellesley": 1.838,
     "Wellfleet": 12.713,
     "Wendell": 3.265,
     "Wenham": 1.897,
     "West Boylston": 2.385,
     "West Bridgewater": 1.77,
     "West Brookfield": 3.007,
     "West Newbury": 2.469,
     "West Springfield": 1.585,
     "West Stockbridge": 6.971,
     "West Tisbury": 3.678,
     "Westborough": 1.029,
     "Westfield": 2.002,
     "Westford": 1.417,
     "Westhampton": 3.9,
     "Westminster": 2.225,
     "Weston": 1.65,
     "Westport": 3.604,
     "Westwood": 1.596,
     "Weymouth": 2.306,
     "Whately": 3.562,
     "Whitman": 1.526,
     "Wilbraham": 2.125,
     "Williamsburg": 3.111,
     "Williamstown": 2.567,
     "Wilmington": 2.327,
     "Winchendon": 2.138,
     "Winchester": 1.289,
     "Windsor": 6.909,
     "Winthrop": 1.119,
     "Woburn": 1.716,
     "Worcester": 0.948,
     "Worthington": 4.033,
     "Wrentham": 2.083,
     "Yarmouth": 5.264
    }
   }
  ],
  "n_towns": 352,
  "shapes": {
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     ],
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     [
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     [
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     [
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     [
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     [
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   ],
   "Acton": [
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     ],
     [
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     ],
     [
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     ],
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     ],
     [
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     ],
     [
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     ],
     [
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     ]
    ]
   ],
   "Acushnet": [
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     [
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     ],
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     [
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     [
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     [
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     ],
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     ],
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     [
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     [
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     [
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     [
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     [
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   ],
   "Adams": [
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     [
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     ],
     [
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     ],
     [
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     ],
     [
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     ],
     [
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     ],
     [
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     ],
     [
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     ],
     [
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     ],
     [
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     ],
     [
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     ],
     [
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     ],
     [
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     ],
     [
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     ],
     [
      -73.064,
      42.65
     ],
     [
      -73.07,
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     ],
     [
      -73.09,
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  "Agawam": 2.13,
  "Amesbury": 1.75,
  "Andover": 1.57,
  "Arlington": 1.29,
  "Ashland": 1.29,
  "Attleboro": 1.54,
  "Auburn": 2.02,
  "Avon": 1.69,
  "Bedford": 1.36,
  "Belchertown": 2.1,
  "Bellingham": 2.08,
  "Belmont": 0.99,
  "Beverly": 1.84,
  "Billerica": 2.14,
  "Bourne": 4.37,
  "Braintree": 1.68,
  "Brockton": 0.97,
  "Burlington": 1.82,
  "Canton": 1.64,
  "Carver": 2.02,
  "Chelmsford": 1.72,
  "Chicopee": 1.51,
  "Clinton": 1.1,
  "Cohasset": 1.7,
  "Danvers": 1.82,
  "Dartmouth": 2.99,
  "Dedham": 2.43,
  "Douglas": 2.47,
  "Dracut": 2.06,
  "Duxbury": 1.82,
  "East Bridgewater": 1.87,
  "East Longmeadow": 2.21,
  "Easthampton": 2.47,
  "Easton": 1.69,
  "Fairhaven": 3.06,
  "Fall River": 0.71,
  "Falmouth": 6.05,
  "Fitchburg": 1.12,
  "Foxborough": 1.68,
  "Framingham": 1.41,
  "Franklin": 1.55,
  "Gardner": 1.5,
  "Georgetown": 2.05,
  "Gloucester": 2.31,
  "Grafton": 1.46,
  "Granby": 2.78,
  "Greenfield": 2.18,
  "Hadley": 2.81,
  "Hanover": 1.62,
  "Harvard": 1.6,
  "Hatfield": 2.76,
  "Haverhill": 1.23,
  "Hingham": 1.71,
  "Holbrook": 2.23,
  "Holliston": 1.64,
  "Holyoke": 0.87,
  "Hopedale": 1.27,
  "Hopkinton": 1.05,
  "Hudson": 1.7,
  "Hull": 5.19,
  "Ipswich": 2.3,
  "Lawrence": 0.27,
  "Lee": 2.41,
  "Leicester": 2.28,
  "Lenox": 2.02,
  "Leominster": 1.28,
  "Lexington": 1.31,
  "Littleton": 1.81,
  "Longmeadow": 1.93,
  "Lowell": 0.69,
  "Ludlow": 2.65,
  "Lunenburg": 2.19,
  "Lynn": 0.63,
  "Lynnfield": 1.73,
  "Mansfield": 1.62,
  "Marblehead": 2.35,
  "Marlborough": 1.29,
  "Marshfield": 2.5,
  "Mashpee": 4.73,
  "Maynard": 2.02,
  "Medfield": 1.42,
  "Medford": 1.7,
  "Medway": 1.68,
  "Melrose": 1.53,
  "Methuen": 1.58,
  "Middleborough": 1.91,
  "Milford": 1.21,
  "Millbury": 2.14,
  "Millis": 1.86,
  "Milton": 1.62,
  "Monson": 3.02,
  "Natick": 1.58,
  "Needham": 1.5,
  "New Bedford": 0.86,
  "Newburyport": 1.99,
  "Newton": 1.44,
  "North Adams": 1.93,
  "North Andover": 1.38,
  "North Attleborough": 1.73,
  "North Brookfield": 2.24,
  "North Reading": 1.81,
  "Northampton": 2.07,
  "Northbridge": 1.77,
  "Norton": 1.85,
  "Norwell": 1.57,
  "Norwood": 1.56,
  "Oxford": 2.37,
  "Palmer": 2.54,
  "Peabody": 1.8,
  "Pembroke": 2.16,
  "Pittsfield": 1.97,
  "Plymouth": 2.7,
  "Quincy": 1.36,
  "Randolph": 2.16,
  "Reading": 1.7,
  "Revere": 0.55,
  "Rockland": 1.66,
  "Rockport": 3.59,
  "Salem": 1.12,
  "Sandwich": 3.65,
  "Saugus": 2.35,
  "Scituate": 2.46,
  "Seekonk": 2.47,
  "Sharon": 1.49,
  "Shrewsbury": 1.57,
  "South Hadley": 2.34,
  "Southbridge": 1.21,
  "Springfield": 0.9,
  "Stoneham": 1.99,
  "Stoughton": 1.72,
  "Sutton": 2.23,
  "Swampscott": 1.58,
  "Swansea": 3.17,
  "Taunton": 1.24,
  "Tewksbury": 2.33,
  "Tyngsborough": 1.94,
  "Uxbridge": 1.98,
  "Wakefield": 1.78,
  "Walpole": 1.82,
  "Ware": 2.09,
  "Wareham": 4.08,
  "Wayland": 1.48,
  "Webster": 2.0,
  "Wellesley": 1.81,
  "West Boylston": 2.09,
  "West Bridgewater": 1.55,
  "West Springfield": 1.55,
  "Westborough": 1.02,
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  "Westford": 1.39,
  "Weston": 1.63,
  "Westport": 3.74,
  "Westwood": 1.59,
  "Weymouth": 2.27,
  "Wilmington": 2.51,
  "Winchendon": 2.21,
  "Winchester": 1.28,
  "Winthrop": 1.12,
  "Woburn": 1.72,
  "Worcester": 0.92
 },
 "levers": [
  {
   "caveat": "Spending is all funds, so a town that wins more grants shows a higher ratio without its taxpayers deciding anything. And this measures distance from a formula, not whether any amount is right.",
   "chooseable": true,
   "confidence": "measured",
   "evidence": "DESE per-pupil expenditure SY2025 over the FY2026 town foundation budget per foundation pupil.",
   "id": "above-the-floor",
   "lunenburg": "THE ONE THAT ANSWERS THE QUESTION. The state computes a foundation budget for each town from its own children and its own wealth, so comparing each town to its OWN floor is fair in a way a raw per-pupil figure is not. Lunenburg spends 1.27x its floor; the middle district here spends 1.46x. At that middle ratio Lunenburg would spend $2,646 more per pupil.",
   "what": "Spend further above what the state says your schools need"
  },
  {
   "caveat": "A required contribution is a statutory MINIMUM. Most towns appropriate above it, and how far above is the decision in the row above.",
   "chooseable": false,
   "confidence": "measured",
   "evidence": "DESE Chapter 70 municipal contribution file, FY2026: required local contribution over foundation enrolment.",
   "id": "required-share",
   "lunenburg": "Lunenburg is required to raise $8,571 per child. The middle Massachusetts town is required to raise $10,714. The requirement follows a town’s property wealth and income, so it is not something anybody here votes on — but it IS a floor, not a ceiling.",
   "what": "Be required to put in more"
  },
  {
   "caveat": "Per-pupil spending is money in, not results out. Nothing here says whether Lunenburg is run leanly or is short of what its children need, and no figure in this report could.",
   "chooseable": true,
   "confidence": "measured",
   "evidence": "DESE per-pupil total expenditures, SY2025, all funds.",
   "id": "spends-least",
   "lunenburg": "$18,027 per pupil, 158th of 161 comparable districts. The middle of those districts spends $22,308 — $4,281 more than Lunenburg.",
   "what": "Spend more on each pupil"
  },
  {
   "caveat": "A foundation budget is the state’s formula for an adequate education, not what anybody spends, and a required contribution is a minimum rather than what a town raises.",
   "chooseable": false,
   "confidence": "measured",
   "evidence": "DESE Chapter 70 municipal contribution file, FY2026: the town foundation budget less the required local contribution.",
   "id": "state-help",
   "lunenburg": "Lunenburg already does. The state expects to cover 40% of its foundation budget, against 24% for the middle district here — 55th of 161. Low spending is NOT explained by thin state aid.",
   "what": "Get more help from the state"
  },
  {
   "caveat": "This is ALL taxable value — houses, flats, shops, plant. It is also the quantity a commercial base adds to, which is why business and housing are ONE lever here and not two: a warehouse that brings no children and a second home that brings no children do the same thing. What differs is size — business is 8.7% of Lunenburg’s base and housing is the rest.",
   "chooseable": false,
   "confidence": "measured",
   "evidence": "DLS assessed value by class FY2026 over DESE full-time-equivalent pupils SY2025; parcels from the same DLS file.",
   "id": "value-per-pupil",
   "lunenburg": "CORRECTED, and it goes the other way. Counting HOMES, Lunenburg looks comfortable: 2.2 per pupil against 1.8 for the middle district. Counting VALUE — which is what a tax bill is actually levied on — it has $1,463,439 per pupil against a median of $1,800,204, 119th of 161. More houses per child than most towns and less money behind each child, because its houses are worth less.",
   "what": "Have more taxable value behind each child"
  },
  {
   "caveat": "WHICH CAUSES WHICH is exactly what this cannot say. A town with a higher bill may pass overrides because its residents can afford them, rather than having a higher bill because it passed them — and wealth would produce both. Asking more often is a decision; that it would raise Lunenburg’s spending is not shown here.",
   "chooseable": true,
   "confidence": "not established",
   "evidence": "DLS override and underride votes, every question since FY1990.",
   "id": "ask-the-voters",
   "lunenburg": "Lunenburg has put 10 questions and won 4. Towns that have won 3 or more average a $10,641 tax bill; towns that have never won one average $6,809.",
   "what": "Ask the voters for an override more often"
  },
  {
   "caveat": "What growth buys is levy CAPACITY — room under the limit — not a smaller bill for an existing household. Those are different things and are routinely argued as though they were one.",
   "chooseable": true,
   "confidence": "measured",
   "evidence": "DLS new growth, ten-year mean to FY2026; the correlation across the frame; Select Board minutes of 25 November 2025.",
   "id": "grow-the-base",
   "lunenburg": "Littleton adds 3.23% of its levy limit in new growth each year against Lunenburg’s 1.75%. But across all 161 towns, new growth and the tax bill are unrelated, and the town’s own assessor priced the largest possible shift onto business at $224.25 a year.",
   "what": "Grow the commercial base"
  }
 ],
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   "Auburn": "behavioural",
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   "Belchertown": "behavioural",
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   "Dracut": "structural",
   "East Bridgewater": "structural",
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   "Easton": "behavioural",
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   "Harvard": "peer",
   "Lancaster": "neighbour",
   "Leominster": "neighbour",
   "Littleton": "peer",
   "Lunenburg": "lunenburg",
   "Maynard": "structural",
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   "Northbridge": "structural",
   "Pembroke": "structural",
   "Shirley": "neighbour",
   "Sutton": "structural",
   "Swansea": "structural",
   "Townsend": "neighbour",
   "West Bridgewater": "behavioural",
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   "Swansea": {
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   "Westford": {
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 },
 "not_established": [
  "Whose comparison set is right. The six neighbours are computed from boundary polygons and are a fact; the five peers are OUR choice, and nothing in the town’s own record names a cohort of comparable communities for tax purposes. The twins are a distance in a space we chose the axes of.",
  "What any destination costs. A count of children enrolled somewhere is not a tuition, an assessment or a share of one, and nothing here says which fund pays for any of it.",
  "How a regional district divides its assessment between member towns, and what each member town actually appropriates for schools. What each is REQUIRED to raise per child IS published and is used here; what is not published is the step between that minimum and the district’s books.",
  "What any town actually appropriates, anywhere in this report. A required local contribution is a statutory floor and most towns go above it; how far above is the decision this comparison is really about, and it is not in these files.",
  "Whether a town spending more per pupil educates a child better. Per-pupil spending is an input. Nothing in this report is an outcome measure.",
  "Which way any correlation runs. Every figure here is a cross-section of one year across many towns, which cannot separate a town choosing a higher bill from a town able to afford one."
 ],
 "outside": [
  {
   "district": "Harvard",
   "general": 20688436,
   "grants_revolving": 6547802,
   "parts": {
    "Administration": 0,
    "Instructional Materials, Equipment and Technology": 851,
    "Operations and Maintenance": 742,
    "Other Teaching Services": 91,
    "Payments to Out-of-District Schools": 1396,
    "Professional Development": 22,
    "Pupil Services": 2810,
    "Teachers": 4964
   },
   "per_pupil": 6146,
   "pupils": 1065,
   "share": 24.0
  },
  {
   "district": "Ayer Shirley School District",
   "general": 32386190,
   "grants_revolving": 6175391,
   "parts": {
    "Administration": 5,
    "Instructional Materials, Equipment and Technology": 208,
    "Operations and Maintenance": 345,
    "Other Teaching Services": 638,
    "Payments to Out-of-District Schools": 582,
    "Professional Development": 257,
    "Pupil Services": 1893,
    "Teachers": 1553
   },
   "per_pupil": 3272,
   "pupils": 1888,
   "share": 16.0
  },
  {
   "district": "Groton-Dunstable",
   "general": 47883498,
   "grants_revolving": 6223018,
   "parts": {
    "Administration": 6,
    "Instructional Materials, Equipment and Technology": 83,
    "Operations and Maintenance": 597,
    "Other Teaching Services": 575,
    "Payments to Out-of-District Schools": 839,
    "Professional Development": 264,
    "Pupil Services": 1369,
    "Teachers": 556
   },
   "per_pupil": 2607,
   "pupils": 2387,
   "share": 11.5
  },
  {
   "district": "North Middlesex",
   "general": 58828904,
   "grants_revolving": 6899891,
   "parts": {
    "Administration": 7,
    "Instructional Materials, Equipment and Technology": 47,
    "Operations and Maintenance": 174,
    "Other Teaching Services": 712,
    "Payments to Out-of-District Schools": 897,
    "Professional Development": 78,
    "Pupil Services": 1376,
    "Teachers": 213
   },
   "per_pupil": 2260,
   "pupils": 3053,
   "share": 10.5
  },
  {
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   "general": 37110284,
   "grants_revolving": 4322411,
   "parts": {
    "Administration": 0,
    "Instructional Materials, Equipment and Technology": 359,
    "Operations and Maintenance": 0,
    "Other Teaching Services": 316,
    "Payments to Out-of-District Schools": 412,
    "Professional Development": 126,
    "Pupil Services": 1833,
    "Teachers": 317
   },
   "per_pupil": 1893,
   "pupils": 2284,
   "share": 10.4
  },
  {
   "district": "Lunenburg",
   "general": 26986344,
   "grants_revolving": 3044898,
   "parts": {
    "Administration": 60,
    "Instructional Materials, Equipment and Technology": 105,
    "Operations and Maintenance": 210,
    "Other Teaching Services": 576,
    "Payments to Out-of-District Schools": 284,
    "Professional Development": 49,
    "Pupil Services": 1107,
    "Teachers": 726
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   "per_pupil": 1828,
   "pupils": 1666,
   "share": 10.1
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 ],
 "overlap10": [],
 "overlap25": [
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  "Tyngsborough",
  "Grafton",
  "Abington",
  "West Boylston",
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  "Ashland",
  "Belchertown"
 ],
 "predictors": {
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  "explained_together": 38.8,
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    "label": "What the average home is worth",
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   {
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   {
    "explains": 0.6,
    "key": "state_pp",
    "label": "How much the state sends per child",
    "r": -0.077
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   {
    "explains": 0.1,
    "key": "business_share",
    "label": "How much of the tax base is business",
    "r": 0.031
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   {
    "explains": 0.0,
    "key": "low_income",
    "label": "The share of children from low-income families",
    "r": 0.017
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    "key": "size",
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    "weight": 0.74
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   {
    "key": "state_pp",
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   {
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   {
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    "weight": -0.1
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   {
    "key": "size",
    "label": "How many pupils the district has (log)",
    "weight": 0.06
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  "unexplained": 61.2
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 "regional": {
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  "admin_single": 693,
  "big_admin": 667,
  "big_pupils": 6517,
  "lun_admin": 581,
  "lun_overhead": 1690,
  "lun_rank": 156,
  "n": 210,
  "n_regional": 49,
  "n_single": 161,
  "overhead_regional": 2103,
  "overhead_single": 2054,
  "small_admin": 880,
  "small_pupils": 1242,
  "total_regional": 22749,
  "total_single": 22308
 },
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   "required_ratio": 109.1,
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  {
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     "state_pp": 6761,
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     "state_pp": 6003,
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    {
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     "state_pp": 7088,
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 "sources": [
  {
   "bytes": 1057358,
   "docs_url": "/docs/state-dls/AvgSingleFamTaxBill-2026-09-26-5d7664b92f9f.xlsx",
   "note": "Average single-family tax bill, value, parcels, income per capita and rank, all 351 municipalities, FY1988 onward.",
   "path": "sources/state-dls/AvgSingleFamTaxBill-2026-09-26-5d7664b92f9f.xlsx",
   "publisher": "Massachusetts DOR, Division of Local Services",
   "sha256": "5d7664b92f9f99e2188d472c84e2f6f66db36ff4f206c9f0dbf76edaf677789f",
   "table": "Average Single-Family Tax Bill, every municipality, FY1988–FY2027",
   "url": "https://dls-gw.dor.state.ma.us/reports/rdPage.aspx?rdReport=AverageSingleTaxBill.SingleFamTaxBill_wRange&rdReportFormat=NativeExcel&rdExportTableID=tblSinglefamtaxbill&rdExportFilename=AvgSingleFamTaxBill&rdShowGridlines=True&rdExcelOutputFormat=Excel2007"
  },
  {
   "bytes": 826378,
   "docs_url": "/docs/state-dls/assessedvalues-2026-09-26-272171893ca3.xlsx",
   "note": "Assessed value by class, so the commercial-industrial-personal share is the state’s certified figure rather than ours.",
   "path": "sources/state-dls/assessedvalues-2026-09-26-272171893ca3.xlsx",
   "publisher": "Massachusetts DOR, Division of Local Services",
   "sha256": "272171893ca3b05a6c2d863d8161d4619c9010e9f507dd8b39707ac7665c40ca",
   "table": "Assessed Values by Class, every municipality, FY2002–FY2027",
   "url": "https://dlsgateway.dor.state.ma.us/reports/rdPage.aspx?rdReport=PropertyTaxInformation.AssessedValuesbyClass.assessedvaluesbyclass&rdReportFormat=NativeExcel&rdExportTableID=tblassessedvalues&rdExportFilename=assessedvalues&rdShowGridlines=True&rdExcelOutputFormat=Excel2007"
  },
  {
   "bytes": 704508,
   "docs_url": "/docs/state-dls/new_growth-2026-09-26-3b8980b0efc3.xlsx",
   "note": "New growth certified onto the levy limit each year, and the prior year’s limit it is measured against.",
   "path": "sources/state-dls/new_growth-2026-09-26-3b8980b0efc3.xlsx",
   "publisher": "Massachusetts DOR, Division of Local Services",
   "sha256": "3b8980b0efc38de6e3659bd1aaa83c986485b130666e6dad4eeba9001987923c",
   "table": "New Growth, residential and total, every municipality, FY2003–FY2027",
   "url": "https://dls-gw.dor.state.ma.us/reports/rdPage.aspx?rdReport=NewGrowth.NewGrowth_dash_v2_test&rdReportFormat=NativeExcel&rdExportTableID=tblNewGrowth&rdExportFilename=new_growth&rdShowGridlines=True&rdExcelOutputFormat=Excel2007"
  },
  {
   "bytes": 377826,
   "docs_url": "/docs/state-dls/OverrideUnderrideVotes.xlsx",
   "note": "Every Proposition 2½ override and underride put to a town, with the date, the tallies and the result.",
   "path": "sources/state-dls/OverrideUnderrideVotes.xlsx",
   "publisher": "Massachusetts DOR, Division of Local Services",
   "sha256": "8fa6e1fbcf9771b1bdd53778c431c13b72d5b119d23f87f5366b9f20b686b2d6",
   "table": "Override and Underride Votes, all municipalities, FY1990–FY2029",
   "url": ""
  },
  {
   "bytes": 32949672,
   "docs_url": "/docs/state-dese/er3w-dyti.json",
   "note": "Per-pupil expenditure by category, enrolment in and out of district, and student demographics, for every district in the state.",
   "path": "sources/state-dese/er3w-dyti.json",
   "publisher": "Massachusetts DESE",
   "sha256": "12a853ce1295588ba546a9be82560e55b0f6ead779cecd5f5c6181d064f39c8f",
   "table": "District indicators, SY2009–SY2025",
   "url": "https://educationtocareer.data.mass.gov/resource/er3w-dyti.json"
  },
  {
   "bytes": 1860587,
   "docs_url": "/docs/state-dese/i5up-aez6-grades-served.json",
   "note": "Which grades each school actually serves — the published fact that decides whether a district runs a high school.",
   "path": "sources/state-dese/i5up-aez6-grades-served.json",
   "publisher": "Massachusetts DESE",
   "sha256": "162fa23800a01de98d70af23f555e4b20802e79197c1d268c0d074201520935d",
   "table": "Grades served, by school, SY2019–SY2025",
   "url": "https://educationtocareer.data.mass.gov/resource/i5up-aez6.json"
  },
  {
   "bytes": 11053,
   "docs_url": "/docs/meetings/text/select-board/2025-11-25-minutes-7534.txt",
   "note": "The Principal Assessor’s split-rate analysis: the single rate, the average bill, and what the largest shift the statute allows onto commercial property would be worth. Quoted rather than paraphrased, and re-read on every build.",
   "path": "sources/meetings/text/select-board/2025-11-25-minutes-7534.txt",
   "publisher": "Town of Lunenburg, Select Board",
   "sha256": "db42e5e9e4913d1c73e387feda08351530ad0660fd9f931b8acf3a7a45286456",
   "table": "Tax classification hearing, 25 November 2025",
   "url": "https://www.lunenburgma.gov/AgendaCenter/ViewFile/Minutes/_11252025-7534"
  },
  {
   "bytes": 4023924,
   "docs_url": "/docs/state-census/tigerweb-cousub-massachusetts.json",
   "note": "Town boundaries and centroids: which towns share a border with Lunenburg, and where each one is on the map.",
   "path": "sources/state-census/tigerweb-cousub-massachusetts.json",
   "publisher": "US Census Bureau, TIGERweb",
   "sha256": "350e59f82599e345472f061aa56e6fa38751b35dc1bd497b0f5d097e92a70812",
   "table": "County subdivisions, Massachusetts",
   "url": "https://tigerweb.geo.census.gov/arcgis/rest/services/TIGERweb/Places_CouSub_ConCity_SubMCD/MapServer/1/query"
  }
 ],
 "state_share": {
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  "Agawam": 49.2,
  "Amesbury": 27.8,
  "Andover": 18.2,
  "Arlington": 24.1,
  "Ashland": 27.2,
  "Attleboro": 56.1,
  "Auburn": 45.0,
  "Avon": 42.5,
  "Bedford": 17.5,
  "Belchertown": 46.2,
  "Bellingham": 30.3,
  "Belmont": 19.4,
  "Beverly": 19.6,
  "Billerica": 20.0,
  "Bourne": 17.8,
  "Braintree": 23.9,
  "Brockton": 81.8,
  "Burlington": 19.4,
  "Canton": 19.6,
  "Carver": 44.5,
  "Chelmsford": 19.6,
  "Chicopee": 73.3,
  "Clinton": 59.8,
  "Cohasset": 17.5,
  "Danvers": 21.0,
  "Dartmouth": 17.5,
  "Dedham": 23.1,
  "Douglas": 34.8,
  "Dracut": 48.6,
  "Duxbury": 17.7,
  "East Bridgewater": 44.1,
  "East Longmeadow": 41.0,
  "Easthampton": 33.8,
  "Easton": 19.8,
  "Fairhaven": 35.3,
  "Fall River": 84.2,
  "Falmouth": 17.5,
  "Fitchburg": 78.0,
  "Foxborough": 19.9,
  "Framingham": 53.2,
  "Franklin": 22.9,
  "Gardner": 71.9,
  "Georgetown": 18.7,
  "Gloucester": 22.4,
  "Grafton": 29.9,
  "Granby": 33.1,
  "Greenfield": 57.4,
  "Hadley": 18.5,
  "Hanover": 21.2,
  "Harvard": 19.7,
  "Hatfield": 17.5,
  "Haverhill": 62.9,
  "Hingham": 17.5,
  "Holbrook": 54.7,
  "Holliston": 21.9,
  "Holyoke": 88.4,
  "Hopedale": 42.3,
  "Hopkinton": 17.5,
  "Hudson": 37.1,
  "Hull": 17.5,
  "Ipswich": 17.5,
  "Lawrence": 95.1,
  "Lee": 17.5,
  "Leicester": 45.3,
  "Lenox": 17.5,
  "Leominster": 65.3,
  "Lexington": 17.5,
  "Littleton": 18.6,
  "Longmeadow": 19.4,
  "Lowell": 79.1,
  "Ludlow": 41.9,
  "Lunenburg": 39.6,
  "Lynn": 82.4,
  "Lynnfield": 19.7,
  "Mansfield": 19.6,
  "Marblehead": 17.5,
  "Marlborough": 53.2,
  "Marshfield": 18.3,
  "Mashpee": 17.5,
  "Maynard": 27.0,
  "Medfield": 17.5,
  "Medford": 20.7,
  "Medway": 26.0,
  "Melrose": 20.3,
  "Methuen": 58.9,
  "Middleborough": 45.2,
  "Milford": 63.1,
  "Millbury": 35.3,
  "Millis": 17.5,
  "Milton": 19.8,
  "Monson": 42.2,
  "Natick": 19.7,
  "Needham": 17.5,
  "New Bedford": 86.2,
  "Newburyport": 17.5,
  "Newton": 17.5,
  "North Adams": 73.3,
  "North Andover": 18.2,
  "North Attleborough": 31.4,
  "North Brookfield": 55.0,
  "North Reading": 19.9,
  "Northampton": 19.3,
  "Northbridge": 44.1,
  "Norton": 21.4,
  "Norwell": 17.5,
  "Norwood": 31.0,
  "Oxford": 49.3,
  "Palmer": 60.5,
  "Peabody": 38.7,
  "Pembroke": 20.9,
  "Pittsfield": 65.8,
  "Plymouth": 19.4,
  "Quincy": 23.8,
  "Randolph": 50.9,
  "Reading": 17.5,
  "Revere": 67.3,
  "Rockland": 52.6,
  "Rockport": 17.5,
  "Salem": 39.1,
  "Sandwich": 17.5,
  "Saugus": 31.8,
  "Scituate": 17.5,
  "Seekonk": 25.0,
  "Sharon": 20.0,
  "Shrewsbury": 19.8,
  "South Hadley": 37.3,
  "Southbridge": 77.3,
  "Springfield": 90.9,
  "Stoneham": 21.9,
  "Stoughton": 48.0,
  "Sutton": 17.5,
  "Swampscott": 20.4,
  "Swansea": 34.9,
  "Taunton": 68.7,
  "Tewksbury": 19.2,
  "Tyngsborough": 28.8,
  "Uxbridge": 24.7,
  "Wakefield": 19.3,
  "Walpole": 17.5,
  "Ware": 69.4,
  "Wareham": 37.1,
  "Wayland": 18.3,
  "Webster": 59.9,
  "Wellesley": 17.5,
  "West Boylston": 23.7,
  "West Bridgewater": 40.4,
  "West Springfield": 64.9,
  "Westborough": 20.3,
  "Westfield": 55.9,
  "Westford": 21.7,
  "Weston": 17.5,
  "Westport": 21.4,
  "Westwood": 17.5,
  "Weymouth": 23.1,
  "Wilmington": 17.5,
  "Winchendon": 67.8,
  "Winchester": 19.0,
  "Winthrop": 32.7,
  "Woburn": 20.0,
  "Worcester": 75.2
 },
 "stats": [
  {
   "label": "average single-family tax bill in Lunenburg, FY2026",
   "value": "$7,444"
  },
  {
   "label": "where that bill ranks among the 351 Massachusetts towns — 1st is the highest bill in the state",
   "value": "145th of 351"
  },
  {
   "label": "where Lunenburg ranks on the bill as a SHARE of what the home is worth — 1.44% of value, and 1st asks the most",
   "value": "78th of 351"
  },
  {
   "label": "spent per pupil in SY2025, all funds — 158th of 161 comparable districts, where 1st spends the most",
   "value": "$18,027"
  },
  {
   "label": "override questions Lunenburg has won of those it has put to voters",
   "value": "4 of 10"
  },
  {
   "label": "of Lunenburg’s taxable property is business rather than housing",
   "value": "8.7%"
  }
 ],
 "sy": 2025,
 "their_state_median": 14284,
 "twins": [
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   "won_amt": 0
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   "bill": 6298.0,
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   "district": "Douglas",
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   "town": "Douglas",
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   "won_amt": 1700400.0
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  {
   "bill": 10314.0,
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   "bill": 5922.0,
   "billcagr": 4.247717622161318,
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   "distance": 0.471,
   "district": "Northbridge",
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   "in_frame": true,
   "ngpct": 1.553,
   "pinc": 12.78,
   "pp": 19568.0,
   "prate": 1.16,
   "put": 4,
   "rank": 227,
   "role": "structural",
   "totalcagr": 2.197767908524728,
   "town": "Northbridge",
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   "won": 2,
   "won_amt": 3410879.0
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  {
   "bill": 4374.0,
   "billcagr": 3.5498765405980848,
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   "distance": 0.481,
   "district": "Fairhaven",
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   "in_frame": true,
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   "pinc": 10.99,
   "pp": 19065.0,
   "prate": 0.92,
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   "role": "structural",
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   "town": "Fairhaven",
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   "won": 0,
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  {
   "bill": 7410.0,
   "billcagr": 3.8492777664196343,
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   "distance": 0.498,
   "district": "East Bridgewater",
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   "in_frame": true,
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   "role": "structural",
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   "town": "East Bridgewater",
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   "won": 0,
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  {
   "bill": 10081.0,
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   "distance": 0.499,
   "district": "Maynard",
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   "in_frame": true,
   "ngpct": 1.696,
   "pinc": 18.7,
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   "prate": 1.66,
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   "rank": 65,
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   "town": "Maynard",
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   "won": 6,
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  {
   "bill": 7521.0,
   "billcagr": 3.6574684037499416,
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   "district": "Pembroke",
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   "in_frame": true,
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   "pinc": 13.95,
   "pp": 21722.0,
   "prate": 1.18,
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   "rank": 140,
   "role": "structural",
   "totalcagr": 2.926792248581278,
   "town": "Pembroke",
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   "won": 1,
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  {
   "bill": 5737.0,
   "billcagr": 3.4505435871299728,
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   "district": "Dracut",
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   "in_frame": true,
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   "prate": 0.97,
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   "role": "structural",
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   "town": "Dracut",
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   "won": 0,
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  {
   "bill": 7247.0,
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   "distance": 0.541,
   "district": "Sutton",
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   "in_frame": true,
   "ngpct": 2.614,
   "pinc": 10.79,
   "pp": 21011.0,
   "prate": 1.16,
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   "rank": 155,
   "role": "structural",
   "totalcagr": 3.3814542788680013,
   "town": "Sutton",
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   "won": 2,
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  {
   "bill": 6307.0,
   "billcagr": 4.160451813235655,
   "cip": 23.7224,
   "distance": 0.507,
   "district": "Auburn",
   "enrchg": 4.245690541819241,
   "in_frame": true,
   "ngpct": 1.585,
   "pinc": 14.5,
   "pp": 18747.0,
   "prate": 1.42,
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   "rank": 203,
   "role": "behavioural",
   "totalcagr": 3.228797480000156,
   "town": "Auburn",
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   "won": 2,
   "won_amt": 2013584.0
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  {
   "bill": 10149.0,
   "billcagr": 3.6811588112491966,
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   "distance": 0.577,
   "district": "Hanover",
   "enrchg": -4.896626768226333,
   "in_frame": true,
   "ngpct": 1.3,
   "pinc": 14.39,
   "pp": 18856.0,
   "prate": 1.25,
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   "role": "behavioural",
   "totalcagr": 3.576152717806891,
   "town": "Hanover",
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   "won": 3,
   "won_amt": 6043591.0
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  {
   "bill": 9787.0,
   "billcagr": 4.6422482553602595,
   "cip": 4.9796,
   "distance": 0.582,
   "district": "Melrose",
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   "in_frame": true,
   "ngpct": 1.154,
   "pinc": 13.95,
   "pp": 17315.0,
   "prate": 1.15,
   "put": 11,
   "rank": 73,
   "role": "behavioural",
   "totalcagr": 3.856208092131852,
   "town": "Melrose",
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   "won": 3,
   "won_amt": 21680000.0
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  {
   "bill": 9441.0,
   "billcagr": 3.7334271994743817,
   "cip": 11.211,
   "distance": 0.589,
   "district": "Easton",
   "enrchg": -12.130637636080873,
   "in_frame": true,
   "ngpct": 1.523,
   "pinc": 14.55,
   "pp": 19190.0,
   "prate": 1.26,
   "put": 17,
   "rank": 80,
   "role": "behavioural",
   "totalcagr": 3.1506959980586835,
   "town": "Easton",
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   "won": 3,
   "won_amt": 5529633.0
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  {
   "bill": 6622.0,
   "billcagr": 3.5290603872840887,
   "cip": 6.3014,
   "distance": 0.602,
   "district": "Belchertown",
   "enrchg": -18.92130207950621,
   "in_frame": true,
   "ngpct": 1.5070000000000001,
   "pinc": 15.42,
   "pp": 19035.0,
   "prate": 1.51,
   "put": 14,
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   "role": "behavioural",
   "totalcagr": 2.5387104010085926,
   "town": "Belchertown",
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   "won": 4,
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  {
   "bill": 9219.0,
   "billcagr": 3.5956690523034407,
   "cip": 14.7094,
   "distance": 0.626,
   "district": "Chelmsford",
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   "ngpct": 1.69,
   "pinc": 13.66,
   "pp": 19876.0,
   "prate": 1.33,
   "put": 8,
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   "role": "behavioural",
   "totalcagr": 3.770956035235651,
   "town": "Chelmsford",
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   "won": 2,
   "won_amt": 2605000.0
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  {
   "bill": 5562.0,
   "billcagr": 4.432475255645096,
   "cip": 12.0829,
   "distance": 0.676,
   "district": "Easthampton",
   "enrchg": -13.492817912970004,
   "in_frame": true,
   "ngpct": 1.19,
   "pinc": 15.03,
   "pp": 20985.0,
   "prate": 1.33,
   "put": 14,
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   "role": "behavioural",
   "totalcagr": 2.8476074773288618,
   "town": "Easthampton",
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   "won": 4,
   "won_amt": 7149564.0
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  {
   "bill": 7433.0,
   "billcagr": 3.89217951253511,
   "cip": 29.3305,
   "distance": 0.685,
   "district": "West Bridgewater",
   "enrchg": 6.144229303247457,
   "in_frame": true,
   "ngpct": 2.407,
   "pinc": 14.92,
   "pp": 18633.0,
   "prate": 1.36,
   "put": 5,
   "rank": 146,
   "role": "behavioural",
   "totalcagr": 4.701741561194206,
   "town": "West Bridgewater",
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   "won": 1,
   "won_amt": 62500.0
  },
  {
   "bill": 7536.0,
   "billcagr": 3.4772878004822205,
   "cip": 10.5422,
   "distance": 0.691,
   "district": "Abington",
   "enrchg": 6.89476168003775,
   "in_frame": true,
   "ngpct": 1.077,
   "pinc": 16.77,
   "pp": 19624.0,
   "prate": 1.28,
   "put": 6,
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   "role": "behavioural",
   "totalcagr": 4.442266715454157,
   "town": "Abington",
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   "won": 3,
   "won_amt": 1728000.0
  },
  {
   "bill": 5052.0,
   "billcagr": 4.1911073456926795,
   "cip": 15.1475,
   "distance": 0.714,
   "district": "Gardner",
   "enrchg": -1.2106981692776169,
   "in_frame": true,
   "ngpct": 1.548,
   "pinc": 19.17,
   "pp": 18939.0,
   "prate": 1.38,
   "put": 6,
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   "role": "behavioural",
   "totalcagr": 3.818404145076437,
   "town": "Gardner",
   "value": 366888.0,
   "won": 0,
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 ],
 "value_per_pupil": {
  "Abington": 1524961,
  "Agawam": 1274575,
  "Amesbury": 2018862,
  "Andover": 2470397,
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  "Auburn": 1383701,
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  "Belchertown": 1141633,
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  "Bourne": 4656102,
  "Braintree": 1937912,
  "Brockton": 809239,
  "Burlington": 2893516,
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  "Carver": 1508008,
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  "Chicopee": 839638,
  "Clinton": 1166381,
  "Cohasset": 3209719,
  "Danvers": 2373139,
  "Dartmouth": 2634403,
  "Dedham": 3007720,
  "Douglas": 1747362,
  "Dracut": 1657367,
  "Duxbury": 2777176,
  "East Bridgewater": 1345925,
  "East Longmeadow": 1213069,
  "Easthampton": 1606346,
  "Easton": 1764728,
  "Fairhaven": 1958906,
  "Fall River": 827007,
  "Falmouth": 7535463,
  "Fitchburg": 902715,
  "Foxborough": 1825880,
  "Framingham": 1721313,
  "Franklin": 1775782,
  "Gardner": 946261,
  "Georgetown": 1874421,
  "Gloucester": 3749051,
  "Grafton": 1401547,
  "Granby": 1492608,
  "Greenfield": 1337373,
  "Hadley": 2290938,
  "Hanover": 1760464,
  "Harvard": 1784428,
  "Hatfield": 2161397,
  "Haverhill": 1404467,
  "Hingham": 3116554,
  "Holbrook": 1606911,
  "Holliston": 1533390,
  "Holyoke": 534252,
  "Hopedale": 1092518,
  "Hopkinton": 1676145,
  "Hudson": 1752757,
  "Hull": 4934135,
  "Ipswich": 3142677,
  "Lawrence": 572699,
  "Lee": 1913145,
  "Leicester": 1387075,
  "Lenox": 2537546,
  "Leominster": 1062942,
  "Lexington": 2784045,
  "Littleton": 2006679,
  "Longmeadow": 1208586,
  "Lowell": 861581,
  "Ludlow": 1462781,
  "Lunenburg": 1463439,
  "Lynn": 840650,
  "Lynnfield": 2268445,
  "Mansfield": 1718009,
  "Marblehead": 3717947,
  "Marlborough": 1723876,
  "Marshfield": 2424152,
  "Mashpee": 6861789,
  "Maynard": 1869761,
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  "Medford": 3652833,
  "Medway": 1796070,
  "Melrose": 1922340,
  "Methuen": 1473248,
  "Middleborough": 1516262,
  "Milford": 1227277,
  "Millbury": 1785886,
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  "Monson": 1396094,
  "Natick": 2407283,
  "Needham": 2990378,
  "New Bedford": 858647,
  "Newburyport": 3572534,
  "Newton": 3772387,
  "North Adams": 876630,
  "North Andover": 1926723,
  "North Attleborough": 1585640,
  "North Brookfield": 1257452,
  "North Reading": 2194545,
  "Northampton": 2138865,
  "Northbridge": 1423697,
  "Norton": 1687210,
  "Norwell": 2018338,
  "Norwood": 2273933,
  "Oxford": 1530354,
  "Palmer": 1188921,
  "Peabody": 2085285,
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  "Randolph": 1839304,
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  "Revere": 1551226,
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  "Rockport": 5186512,
  "Salem": 2258804,
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  "Scituate": 3101844,
  "Seekonk": 1835807,
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  "Shrewsbury": 1664125,
  "South Hadley": 1377406,
  "Southbridge": 852378,
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  "Stoughton": 1731679,
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  "Walpole": 2082271,
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  "West Springfield": 1013904,
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  "Westport": 3487263,
  "Westwood": 2522848,
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 },
 "verdicts": [
  {
   "above_foundation": 1.27,
   "bill": 7444.0,
   "bill_diff": 0,
   "cip": 8.7099,
   "enrchg": -5.087739288969916,
   "homes_per_pupil": 2.19,
   "line": "Lunenburg pays about the same on the average single-family home and spends about the same on each pupil.",
   "pp": 18027.0,
   "pp_diff": 0,
   "put": 10,
   "quadrant": "pays-more-spends-less",
   "quadrant_label": "Pays more, spends less",
   "required_pp": 8571,
   "role": "lunenburg",
   "same": [
    "children 1,563 to Lunenburg’s 1,563",
    "low-income share 23% to Lunenburg’s 23%",
    "average home $517,296 to Lunenburg’s $517,296",
    "income per head $47,872 to Lunenburg’s $47,872",
    "share with a disability 16% to Lunenburg’s 16%"
   ],
   "sf_tax_per_pupil": 16288,
   "state_pp": 5617,
   "state_share": 39.591086402491655,
   "tail": "pays about the same on the average single-family home and spends about the same on each pupil.",
   "town": "Lunenburg",
   "unexplained": false,
   "why": [],
   "won": 4
  },
  {
   "bill": 6225.0,
   "bill_diff": -1219,
   "children": 422,
   "cip": null,
   "district": "North Middlesex",
   "enrchg": null,
   "homes_per_pupil": null,
   "line": "Ashby is in a regional district.",
   "pp": 21528.0,
   "pp_diff": null,
   "put": null,
   "quadrant": "regional",
   "quadrant_label": "In a regional district",
   "required_diff": -752,
   "required_pp": 7819,
   "role": "neighbour",
   "sf_tax_per_pupil": null,
   "state_pp": 6761,
   "state_share": 46.37082677282205,
   "tail": "is required to raise $7,819 per child, $752 less than Lunenburg’s $8,571, and the state adds $6,761. Its children attend North Middlesex, which spends $21,528 per pupil.",
   "town": "Ashby",
   "unexplained": false,
   "why": [],
   "won": null
  },
  {
   "above_foundation": 1.18,
   "bill": 5189.0,
   "bill_diff": -2255,
   "cip": 18.4172,
   "enrchg": 6.620783596802535,
   "homes_per_pupil": 1.12,
   "line": "Fitchburg pays $2,255 less on the average single-family home and spends $4,687 more on each pupil.",
   "pp": 22714.0,
   "pp_diff": 4687,
   "put": 1,
   "quadrant": "pays-less-spends-more",
   "quadrant_label": "Pays less, spends more",
   "required_pp": 4224,
   "role": "neighbour",
   "same": [],
   "sf_tax_per_pupil": 5807,
   "state_pp": 14974,
   "state_share": 77.99657454457683,
   "tail": "pays $2,255 less on the average single-family home and spends $4,687 more on each pupil.",
   "town": "Fitchburg",
   "unexplained": false,
   "why": [
    "It has only 1.1 homes per pupil against Lunenburg’s 2.2, so fewer households share each child.",
    "The state covers 78% of its foundation budget against 40% of Lunenburg’s.",
    "It spends 1.18x what the state says its own schools need against Lunenburg’s 1.27x."
   ],
   "won": 0
  },
  {
   "bill": 9373.0,
   "bill_diff": 1929,
   "children": 1046,
   "cip": null,
   "district": "Nashoba",
   "enrchg": null,
   "homes_per_pupil": null,
   "line": "Lancaster is in a regional district.",
   "pp": 23109.0,
   "pp_diff": null,
   "put": null,
   "quadrant": "regional",
   "quadrant_label": "In a regional district",
   "required_diff": 1006,
   "required_pp": 9577,
   "role": "neighbour",
   "sf_tax_per_pupil": null,
   "state_pp": 4282,
   "state_share": 30.89702831631963,
   "tail": "is required to raise $9,577 per child, $1,006 more than Lunenburg’s $8,571, and the state adds $4,282. Its children attend Nashoba, which spends $23,109 per pupil.",
   "town": "Lancaster",
   "unexplained": false,
   "why": [],
   "won": null
  },
  {
   "above_foundation": 1.11,
   "bill": 6489.0,
   "bill_diff": -955,
   "cip": 17.058,
   "enrchg": -1.6857405648286392,
   "homes_per_pupil": 1.28,
   "line": "Leominster pays $955 less on the average single-family home and spends $2,155 more on each pupil.",
   "pp": 20182.0,
   "pp_diff": 2155,
   "put": 0,
   "quadrant": "pays-less-spends-more",
   "quadrant_label": "Pays less, spends more",
   "required_pp": 6304,
   "role": "neighbour",
   "same": [
    "average home $475,021 to Lunenburg’s $517,296"
   ],
   "sf_tax_per_pupil": 8277,
   "state_pp": 11879,
   "state_share": 65.33164217568253,
   "tail": "pays $955 less on the average single-family home and spends $2,155 more on each pupil.",
   "town": "Leominster",
   "unexplained": false,
   "why": [
    "It has only 1.3 homes per pupil against Lunenburg’s 2.2, so fewer households share each child.",
    "The state covers 65% of its foundation budget against 40% of Lunenburg’s.",
    "It spends 1.11x what the state says its own schools need against Lunenburg’s 1.27x."
   ],
   "won": 0
  },
  {
   "bill": 6490.0,
   "bill_diff": -954,
   "children": 769,
   "cip": null,
   "district": "Ayer Shirley School District",
   "enrchg": null,
   "homes_per_pupil": null,
   "line": "Shirley is in a regional district.",
   "pp": 20428.0,
   "pp_diff": null,
   "put": null,
   "quadrant": "regional",
   "quadrant_label": "In a regional district",
   "required_diff": 465,
   "required_pp": 9037,
   "role": "neighbour",
   "sf_tax_per_pupil": null,
   "state_pp": 6059,
   "state_share": 40.13566211845401,
   "tail": "is required to raise $9,037 per child, $465 more than Lunenburg’s $8,571, and the state adds $6,059. Its children attend Ayer Shirley School District, which spends $20,428 per pupil.",
   "town": "Shirley",
   "unexplained": false,
   "why": [],
   "won": null
  },
  {
   "bill": 6459.0,
   "bill_diff": -985,
   "children": 1258,
   "cip": null,
   "district": "North Middlesex",
   "enrchg": null,
   "homes_per_pupil": null,
   "line": "Townsend is in a regional district.",
   "pp": 21528.0,
   "pp_diff": null,
   "put": null,
   "quadrant": "regional",
   "quadrant_label": "In a regional district",
   "required_diff": -1002,
   "required_pp": 7569,
   "role": "neighbour",
   "sf_tax_per_pupil": null,
   "state_pp": 7088,
   "state_share": 48.35754120963938,
   "tail": "is required to raise $7,569 per child, $1,002 less than Lunenburg’s $8,571, and the state adds $7,088. Its children attend North Middlesex, which spends $21,528 per pupil.",
   "town": "Townsend",
   "unexplained": false,
   "why": [],
   "won": null
  },
  {
   "bill": 6625.0,
   "bill_diff": -819,
   "children": 1095,
   "cip": null,
   "district": "Ayer Shirley School District",
   "enrchg": null,
   "homes_per_pupil": null,
   "line": "Ayer is in a regional district.",
   "pp": 20428.0,
   "pp_diff": null,
   "put": null,
   "quadrant": "regional",
   "quadrant_label": "In a regional district",
   "required_diff": 1877,
   "required_pp": 10448,
   "role": "peer",
   "sf_tax_per_pupil": null,
   "state_pp": 4568,
   "state_share": 30.422669881268927,
   "tail": "is required to raise $10,448 per child, $1,877 more than Lunenburg’s $8,571, and the state adds $4,568. Its children attend Ayer Shirley School District, which spends $20,428 per pupil.",
   "town": "Ayer",
   "unexplained": false,
   "why": [],
   "won": null
  },
  {
   "bill": 11253.0,
   "bill_diff": 3809,
   "children": 1736,
   "cip": null,
   "district": "Groton-Dunstable",
   "enrchg": null,
   "homes_per_pupil": null,
   "line": "Groton is in a regional district.",
   "pp": 22664.0,
   "pp_diff": null,
   "put": null,
   "quadrant": "regional",
   "quadrant_label": "In a regional district",
   "required_diff": 2177,
   "required_pp": 10748,
   "role": "peer",
   "sf_tax_per_pupil": null,
   "state_pp": 2280,
   "state_share": 17.500001283388862,
   "tail": "is required to raise $10,748 per child, $2,177 more than Lunenburg’s $8,571, and the state adds $2,280. Its children attend Groton-Dunstable, which spends $22,664 per pupil.",
   "town": "Groton",
   "unexplained": false,
   "why": [],
   "won": null
  },
  {
   "above_foundation": 1.95,
   "bill": 14562.0,
   "bill_diff": 7118,
   "cip": 3.8646,
   "enrchg": -19.122447430349947,
   "homes_per_pupil": 1.6,
   "line": "Harvard pays $7,118 more on the average single-family home and spends $7,538 more on each pupil.",
   "pp": 25565.0,
   "pp_diff": 7538,
   "put": 33,
   "quadrant": "pays-more-spends-more",
   "quadrant_label": "Pays more, spends more",
   "required_pp": 10535,
   "role": "peer",
   "same": [
    "share with a disability 16% to Lunenburg’s 16%"
   ],
   "sf_tax_per_pupil": 23345,
   "state_pp": 2579,
   "state_share": 19.664571699087574,
   "tail": "pays $7,118 more on the average single-family home and spends $7,538 more on each pupil.",
   "town": "Harvard",
   "unexplained": false,
   "why": [
    "It has only 1.6 homes per pupil against Lunenburg’s 2.2, so fewer households share each child.",
    "The state covers only 20% of its foundation budget against 40% of Lunenburg’s — it gets LESS help, not more.",
    "It spends 1.95x what the state says its own schools need against Lunenburg’s 1.27x."
   ],
   "won": 22
  },
  {
   "above_foundation": 1.64,
   "bill": 10800.0,
   "bill_diff": 3356,
   "cip": 21.2401,
   "enrchg": 0.844030244417097,
   "homes_per_pupil": 1.81,
   "line": "Littleton pays $3,356 more on the average single-family home and spends $3,340 more on each pupil.",
   "pp": 21367.0,
   "pp_diff": 3340,
   "put": 8,
   "quadrant": "pays-more-spends-more",
   "quadrant_label": "Pays more, spends more",
   "required_pp": 10598,
   "role": "peer",
   "same": [
    "children 1,655 to Lunenburg’s 1,563",
    "share with a disability 18% to Lunenburg’s 16%"
   ],
   "sf_tax_per_pupil": 19522,
   "state_pp": 2424,
   "state_share": 18.615275649129746,
   "tail": "pays $3,356 more on the average single-family home and spends $3,340 more on each pupil.",
   "town": "Littleton",
   "unexplained": false,
   "why": [
    "It has only 1.8 homes per pupil against Lunenburg’s 2.2, so fewer households share each child.",
    "The state covers only 19% of its foundation budget against 40% of Lunenburg’s — it gets LESS help, not more.",
    "It spends 1.64x what the state says its own schools need against Lunenburg’s 1.27x."
   ],
   "won": 3
  },
  {
   "above_foundation": 1.54,
   "bill": 11171.0,
   "bill_diff": 3727,
   "cip": 9.5616,
   "enrchg": -11.97010284172864,
   "homes_per_pupil": 1.39,
   "line": "Westford pays $3,727 more on the average single-family home and spends $2,015 more on each pupil.",
   "pp": 20042.0,
   "pp_diff": 2015,
   "put": 23,
   "quadrant": "pays-more-spends-more",
   "quadrant_label": "Pays more, spends more",
   "required_pp": 10220,
   "role": "peer",
   "same": [
    "share with a disability 19% to Lunenburg’s 16%"
   ],
   "sf_tax_per_pupil": 15520,
   "state_pp": 2832,
   "state_share": 21.700682878513433,
   "tail": "pays $3,727 more on the average single-family home and spends $2,015 more on each pupil.",
   "town": "Westford",
   "unexplained": true,
   "why": [
    "It has only 1.4 homes per pupil against Lunenburg’s 2.2, so fewer households share each child.",
    "The state covers only 22% of its foundation budget against 40% of Lunenburg’s — it gets LESS help, not more.",
    "It raises $15,520 per pupil from single-family tax against Lunenburg’s $16,288 and gets a smaller share from the state, so the extra comes from somewhere this archive cannot see.",
    "It spends 1.54x what the state says its own schools need against Lunenburg’s 1.27x."
   ],
   "won": 8
  },
  {
   "above_foundation": 1.41,
   "bill": 5623.0,
   "bill_diff": -1821,
   "cip": 11.6522,
   "enrchg": -5.745904412120044,
   "homes_per_pupil": 3.17,
   "line": "Swansea pays $1,821 less on the average single-family home and spends $2,587 more on each pupil.",
   "pp": 20614.0,
   "pp_diff": 2587,
   "put": 1,
   "quadrant": "pays-less-spends-more",
   "quadrant_label": "Pays less, spends more",
   "required_pp": 9507,
   "role": "structural",
   "same": [
    "low-income share 26% to Lunenburg’s 23%",
    "average home $494,954 to Lunenburg’s $517,296",
    "income per head $40,942 to Lunenburg’s $47,872",
    "share with a disability 18% to Lunenburg’s 16%"
   ],
   "sf_tax_per_pupil": 17837,
   "state_pp": 5095,
   "state_share": 34.893178531338535,
   "tail": "pays $1,821 less on the average single-family home and spends $2,587 more on each pupil.",
   "town": "Swansea",
   "unexplained": false,
   "why": [
    "It has 3.2 homes for every pupil against Lunenburg’s 2.2, so more households share the cost of each child.",
    "It spends 1.41x what the state says its own schools need against Lunenburg’s 1.27x."
   ],
   "won": 0
  },
  {
   "above_foundation": 1.49,
   "bill": 6298.0,
   "bill_diff": -1146,
   "cip": 14.3773,
   "enrchg": -34.38414771447873,
   "homes_per_pupil": 2.47,
   "line": "Douglas pays $1,146 less on the average single-family home and spends $3,464 more on each pupil.",
   "pp": 21491.0,
   "pp_diff": 3464,
   "put": 12,
   "quadrant": "pays-less-spends-more",
   "quadrant_label": "Pays less, spends more",
   "required_pp": 9399,
   "role": "structural",
   "same": [
    "low-income share 24% to Lunenburg’s 23%",
    "average home $521,818 to Lunenburg’s $517,296",
    "income per head $46,833 to Lunenburg’s $47,872",
    "share with a disability 18% to Lunenburg’s 16%"
   ],
   "sf_tax_per_pupil": 15529,
   "state_pp": 5013,
   "state_share": 34.78562395341846,
   "tail": "pays $1,146 less on the average single-family home and spends $3,464 more on each pupil.",
   "town": "Douglas",
   "unexplained": true,
   "why": [
    "It has 2.5 homes for every pupil against Lunenburg’s 2.2, so more households share the cost of each child.",
    "It raises $15,529 per pupil from single-family tax against Lunenburg’s $16,288 and gets a smaller share from the state, so the extra comes from somewhere this archive cannot see.",
    "It spends 1.49x what the state says its own schools need against Lunenburg’s 1.27x."
   ],
   "won": 4
  },
  {
   "above_foundation": 1.59,
   "bill": 10314.0,
   "bill_diff": 2870,
   "cip": 8.8261,
   "enrchg": -27.986849057711506,
   "homes_per_pupil": 2.05,
   "line": "Georgetown pays $2,870 more on the average single-family home and spends $3,250 more on each pupil.",
   "pp": 21277.0,
   "pp_diff": 3250,
   "put": 19,
   "quadrant": "pays-more-spends-more",
   "quadrant_label": "Pays more, spends more",
   "required_pp": 10906,
   "role": "structural",
   "same": [
    "children 1,197 to Lunenburg’s 1,563",
    "share with a disability 16% to Lunenburg’s 16%"
   ],
   "sf_tax_per_pupil": 21106,
   "state_pp": 2516,
   "state_share": 18.743810133312287,
   "tail": "pays $2,870 more on the average single-family home and spends $3,250 more on each pupil.",
   "town": "Georgetown",
   "unexplained": false,
   "why": [
    "The state covers only 19% of its foundation budget against 40% of Lunenburg’s — it gets LESS help, not more.",
    "It spends 1.59x what the state says its own schools need against Lunenburg’s 1.27x."
   ],
   "won": 6
  },
  {
   "above_foundation": 1.26,
   "bill": 5922.0,
   "bill_diff": -1522,
   "cip": 11.6432,
   "enrchg": -23.247122140828225,
   "homes_per_pupil": 1.77,
   "line": "Northbridge pays $1,522 less on the average single-family home and spends $1,541 more on each pupil.",
   "pp": 19568.0,
   "pp_diff": 1541,
   "put": 4,
   "quadrant": "pays-less-spends-more",
   "quadrant_label": "Pays less, spends more",
   "required_pp": 8676,
   "role": "structural",
   "same": [
    "children 1,838 to Lunenburg’s 1,563",
    "average home $509,218 to Lunenburg’s $517,296",
    "income per head $46,340 to Lunenburg’s $47,872",
    "share with a disability 18% to Lunenburg’s 16%"
   ],
   "sf_tax_per_pupil": 10453,
   "state_pp": 6854,
   "state_share": 44.132355596475286,
   "tail": "pays $1,522 less on the average single-family home and spends $1,541 more on each pupil.",
   "town": "Northbridge",
   "unexplained": false,
   "why": [
    "It has only 1.8 homes per pupil against Lunenburg’s 2.2, so fewer households share each child."
   ],
   "won": 2
  },
  {
   "above_foundation": 1.17,
   "bill": 4374.0,
   "bill_diff": -3070,
   "cip": 13.4132,
   "enrchg": -13.246350099432505,
   "homes_per_pupil": 3.06,
   "line": "Fairhaven pays $3,070 less on the average single-family home and spends $1,038 more on each pupil.",
   "pp": 19065.0,
   "pp_diff": 1038,
   "put": 3,
   "quadrant": "pays-less-spends-more",
   "quadrant_label": "Pays less, spends more",
   "required_pp": 10535,
   "role": "structural",
   "same": [
    "children 1,727 to Lunenburg’s 1,563",
    "average home $475,941 to Lunenburg’s $517,296",
    "share with a disability 18% to Lunenburg’s 16%"
   ],
   "sf_tax_per_pupil": 13374,
   "state_pp": 5755,
   "state_share": 35.3295254116053,
   "tail": "pays $3,070 less on the average single-family home and spends $1,038 more on each pupil.",
   "town": "Fairhaven",
   "unexplained": true,
   "why": [
    "It has 3.1 homes for every pupil against Lunenburg’s 2.2, so more households share the cost of each child.",
    "It raises $13,374 per pupil from single-family tax against Lunenburg’s $16,288 and gets a smaller share from the state, so the extra comes from somewhere this archive cannot see.",
    "It spends 1.17x what the state says its own schools need against Lunenburg’s 1.27x."
   ],
   "won": 0
  },
  {
   "above_foundation": 1.33,
   "bill": 7410.0,
   "bill_diff": -34,
   "cip": 12.0439,
   "enrchg": -12.544472814030382,
   "homes_per_pupil": 1.87,
   "line": "East Bridgewater pays about the same on the average single-family home and spends $1,385 more on each pupil.",
   "pp": 19412.0,
   "pp_diff": 1385,
   "put": 0,
   "quadrant": "pays-less-spends-more",
   "quadrant_label": "Pays less, spends more",
   "required_pp": 8149,
   "role": "structural",
   "same": [
    "low-income share 25% to Lunenburg’s 23%",
    "average home $541,251 to Lunenburg’s $517,296",
    "income per head $44,036 to Lunenburg’s $47,872"
   ],
   "sf_tax_per_pupil": 13831,
   "state_pp": 6425,
   "state_share": 44.08799090929706,
   "tail": "pays about the same on the average single-family home and spends $1,385 more on each pupil.",
   "town": "East Bridgewater",
   "unexplained": false,
   "why": [
    "It has only 1.9 homes per pupil against Lunenburg’s 2.2, so fewer households share each child.",
    "It spends 1.33x what the state says its own schools need against Lunenburg’s 1.27x."
   ],
   "won": 0
  },
  {
   "above_foundation": 1.76,
   "bill": 10081.0,
   "bill_diff": 2637,
   "cip": 9.5621,
   "enrchg": -5.254957507082156,
   "homes_per_pupil": 2.02,
   "line": "Maynard pays $2,637 more on the average single-family home and spends $8,711 more on each pupil.",
   "pp": 26738.0,
   "pp_diff": 8711,
   "put": 19,
   "quadrant": "pays-more-spends-more",
   "quadrant_label": "Pays more, spends more",
   "required_pp": 11075,
   "role": "structural",
   "same": [
    "children 1,217 to Lunenburg’s 1,563",
    "low-income share 25% to Lunenburg’s 23%",
    "income per head $53,916 to Lunenburg’s $47,872"
   ],
   "sf_tax_per_pupil": 20331,
   "state_pp": 4097,
   "state_share": 27.004946527184085,
   "tail": "pays $2,637 more on the average single-family home and spends $8,711 more on each pupil.",
   "town": "Maynard",
   "unexplained": false,
   "why": [
    "The state covers only 27% of its foundation budget against 40% of Lunenburg’s — it gets LESS help, not more.",
    "It spends 1.76x what the state says its own schools need against Lunenburg’s 1.27x."
   ],
   "won": 6
  },
  {
   "above_foundation": 1.58,
   "bill": 7521.0,
   "bill_diff": 77,
   "cip": 11.5871,
   "enrchg": -28.47029588534443,
   "homes_per_pupil": 2.16,
   "line": "Pembroke pays about the same on the average single-family home and spends $3,695 more on each pupil.",
   "pp": 21722.0,
   "pp_diff": 3695,
   "put": 4,
   "quadrant": "pays-more-spends-more",
   "quadrant_label": "Pays more, spends more",
   "required_pp": 10871,
   "role": "structural",
   "same": [
    "income per head $53,918 to Lunenburg’s $47,872"
   ],
   "sf_tax_per_pupil": 16242,
   "state_pp": 2875,
   "state_share": 20.912660234396473,
   "tail": "pays about the same on the average single-family home and spends $3,695 more on each pupil.",
   "town": "Pembroke",
   "unexplained": true,
   "why": [
    "The state covers only 21% of its foundation budget against 40% of Lunenburg’s — it gets LESS help, not more.",
    "It raises $16,242 per pupil from single-family tax against Lunenburg’s $16,288 and gets a smaller share from the state, so the extra comes from somewhere this archive cannot see.",
    "It spends 1.58x what the state says its own schools need against Lunenburg’s 1.27x."
   ],
   "won": 1
  },
  {
   "above_foundation": 1.08,
   "bill": 5737.0,
   "bill_diff": -1707,
   "cip": 7.7628,
   "enrchg": -7.583757319765767,
   "homes_per_pupil": 2.06,
   "line": "Dracut pays $1,707 less on the average single-family home and spends $839 less on each pupil.",
   "pp": 17188.0,
   "pp_diff": -839,
   "put": 13,
   "quadrant": "pays-less-spends-less",
   "quadrant_label": "Pays less, spends less",
   "required_pp": 8176,
   "role": "structural",
   "same": [
    "average home $593,296 to Lunenburg’s $517,296",
    "income per head $42,821 to Lunenburg’s $47,872",
    "share with a disability 18% to Lunenburg’s 16%"
   ],
   "sf_tax_per_pupil": 11826,
   "state_pp": 7716,
   "state_share": 48.55160052724957,
   "tail": "pays $1,707 less on the average single-family home and spends $839 less on each pupil.",
   "town": "Dracut",
   "unexplained": false,
   "why": [
    "The state covers 49% of its foundation budget against 40% of Lunenburg’s.",
    "It spends 1.08x what the state says its own schools need against Lunenburg’s 1.27x."
   ],
   "won": 0
  },
  {
   "above_foundation": 1.53,
   "bill": 7247.0,
   "bill_diff": -197,
   "cip": 15.0915,
   "enrchg": -18.151057401812693,
   "homes_per_pupil": 2.23,
   "line": "Sutton pays about the same on the average single-family home and spends $2,984 more on each pupil.",
   "pp": 21011.0,
   "pp_diff": 2984,
   "put": 3,
   "quadrant": "pays-less-spends-more",
   "quadrant_label": "Pays less, spends more",
   "required_pp": 11337,
   "role": "structural",
   "same": [
    "children 1,291 to Lunenburg’s 1,563",
    "share with a disability 18% to Lunenburg’s 16%"
   ],
   "sf_tax_per_pupil": 16151,
   "state_pp": 2405,
   "state_share": 17.500000834323153,
   "tail": "pays about the same on the average single-family home and spends $2,984 more on each pupil.",
   "town": "Sutton",
   "unexplained": true,
   "why": [
    "The state covers only 18% of its foundation budget against 40% of Lunenburg’s — it gets LESS help, not more.",
    "It raises $16,151 per pupil from single-family tax against Lunenburg’s $16,288 and gets a smaller share from the state, so the extra comes from somewhere this archive cannot see.",
    "It spends 1.53x what the state says its own schools need against Lunenburg’s 1.27x."
   ],
   "won": 2
  },
  {
   "above_foundation": 1.28,
   "bill": 6307.0,
   "bill_diff": -1137,
   "cip": 23.7224,
   "enrchg": 4.245690541819241,
   "homes_per_pupil": 2.02,
   "line": "Auburn pays $1,137 less on the average single-family home and spends $720 more on each pupil.",
   "pp": 18747.0,
   "pp_diff": 720,
   "put": 6,
   "quadrant": "pays-less-spends-more",
   "quadrant_label": "Pays less, spends more",
   "required_pp": 8035,
   "role": "behavioural",
   "same": [
    "average home $442,873 to Lunenburg’s $517,296",
    "income per head $43,486 to Lunenburg’s $47,872",
    "share with a disability 15% to Lunenburg’s 16%"
   ],
   "sf_tax_per_pupil": 12749,
   "state_pp": 6564,
   "state_share": 44.963527538227815,
   "tail": "pays $1,137 less on the average single-family home and spends $720 more on each pupil.",
   "town": "Auburn",
   "unexplained": false,
   "why": [
    "The state covers 45% of its foundation budget against 40% of Lunenburg’s."
   ],
   "won": 2
  },
  {
   "above_foundation": 1.4,
   "bill": 10149.0,
   "bill_diff": 2705,
   "cip": 15.0476,
   "enrchg": -4.896626768226333,
   "homes_per_pupil": 1.62,
   "line": "Hanover pays $2,705 more on the average single-family home and spends $829 more on each pupil.",
   "pp": 18856.0,
   "pp_diff": 829,
   "put": 4,
   "quadrant": "pays-more-spends-more",
   "quadrant_label": "Pays more, spends more",
   "required_pp": 10590,
   "role": "behavioural",
   "same": [],
   "sf_tax_per_pupil": 16404,
   "state_pp": 2847,
   "state_share": 21.19047711497383,
   "tail": "pays $2,705 more on the average single-family home and spends $829 more on each pupil.",
   "town": "Hanover",
   "unexplained": false,
   "why": [
    "It has only 1.6 homes per pupil against Lunenburg’s 2.2, so fewer households share each child.",
    "The state covers only 21% of its foundation budget against 40% of Lunenburg’s — it gets LESS help, not more.",
    "It spends 1.40x what the state says its own schools need against Lunenburg’s 1.27x."
   ],
   "won": 3
  },
  {
   "above_foundation": 1.25,
   "bill": 9787.0,
   "bill_diff": 2343,
   "cip": 4.9796,
   "enrchg": 3.8594226998585404,
   "homes_per_pupil": 1.53,
   "line": "Melrose pays $2,343 more on the average single-family home and spends $712 less on each pupil.",
   "pp": 17315.0,
   "pp_diff": -712,
   "put": 11,
   "quadrant": "pays-more-spends-less",
   "quadrant_label": "Pays more, spends less",
   "required_pp": 11019,
   "role": "behavioural",
   "same": [
    "share with a disability 18% to Lunenburg’s 16%"
   ],
   "sf_tax_per_pupil": 14947,
   "state_pp": 2813,
   "state_share": 20.337806640247184,
   "tail": "pays $2,343 more on the average single-family home and spends $712 less on each pupil.",
   "town": "Melrose",
   "unexplained": false,
   "why": [
    "It has only 1.5 homes per pupil against Lunenburg’s 2.2, so fewer households share each child.",
    "The state covers only 20% of its foundation budget against 40% of Lunenburg’s — it gets LESS help, not more."
   ],
   "won": 3
  },
  {
   "above_foundation": 1.39,
   "bill": 9441.0,
   "bill_diff": 1997,
   "cip": 11.211,
   "enrchg": -12.130637636080873,
   "homes_per_pupil": 1.69,
   "line": "Easton pays $1,997 more on the average single-family home and spends $1,163 more on each pupil.",
   "pp": 19190.0,
   "pp_diff": 1163,
   "put": 17,
   "quadrant": "pays-more-spends-more",
   "quadrant_label": "Pays more, spends more",
   "required_pp": 11064,
   "role": "behavioural",
   "same": [
    "low-income share 20% to Lunenburg’s 23%",
    "share with a disability 18% to Lunenburg’s 16%"
   ],
   "sf_tax_per_pupil": 15937,
   "state_pp": 2735,
   "state_share": 19.820867601903494,
   "tail": "pays $1,997 more on the average single-family home and spends $1,163 more on each pupil.",
   "town": "Easton",
   "unexplained": true,
   "why": [
    "It has only 1.7 homes per pupil against Lunenburg’s 2.2, so fewer households share each child.",
    "The state covers only 20% of its foundation budget against 40% of Lunenburg’s — it gets LESS help, not more.",
    "It raises $15,937 per pupil from single-family tax against Lunenburg’s $16,288 and gets a smaller share from the state, so the extra comes from somewhere this archive cannot see.",
    "It spends 1.39x what the state says its own schools need against Lunenburg’s 1.27x."
   ],
   "won": 3
  },
  {
   "above_foundation": 1.35,
   "bill": 6622.0,
   "bill_diff": -822,
   "cip": 6.3014,
   "enrchg": -18.92130207950621,
   "homes_per_pupil": 2.1,
   "line": "Belchertown pays $822 less on the average single-family home and spends $1,008 more on each pupil.",
   "pp": 19035.0,
   "pp_diff": 1008,
   "put": 14,
   "quadrant": "pays-less-spends-more",
   "quadrant_label": "Pays less, spends more",
   "required_pp": 7603,
   "role": "behavioural",
   "same": [
    "low-income share 23% to Lunenburg’s 23%",
    "income per head $42,952 to Lunenburg’s $47,872"
   ],
   "sf_tax_per_pupil": 13908,
   "state_pp": 6519,
   "state_share": 46.16080533043286,
   "tail": "pays $822 less on the average single-family home and spends $1,008 more on each pupil.",
   "town": "Belchertown",
   "unexplained": false,
   "why": [
    "The state covers 46% of its foundation budget against 40% of Lunenburg’s.",
    "It spends 1.35x what the state says its own schools need against Lunenburg’s 1.27x."
   ],
   "won": 4
  },
  {
   "above_foundation": 1.45,
   "bill": 9219.0,
   "bill_diff": 1775,
   "cip": 14.7094,
   "enrchg": -6.662656570660241,
   "homes_per_pupil": 1.72,
   "line": "Chelmsford pays $1,775 more on the average single-family home and spends $1,849 more on each pupil.",
   "pp": 19876.0,
   "pp_diff": 1849,
   "put": 8,
   "quadrant": "pays-more-spends-more",
   "quadrant_label": "Pays more, spends more",
   "required_pp": 10989,
   "role": "behavioural",
   "same": [],
   "sf_tax_per_pupil": 15833,
   "state_pp": 2683,
   "state_share": 19.62445646970149,
   "tail": "pays $1,775 more on the average single-family home and spends $1,849 more on each pupil.",
   "town": "Chelmsford",
   "unexplained": true,
   "why": [
    "It has only 1.7 homes per pupil against Lunenburg’s 2.2, so fewer households share each child.",
    "The state covers only 20% of its foundation budget against 40% of Lunenburg’s — it gets LESS help, not more.",
    "It raises $15,833 per pupil from single-family tax against Lunenburg’s $16,288 and gets a smaller share from the state, so the extra comes from somewhere this archive cannot see.",
    "It spends 1.45x what the state says its own schools need against Lunenburg’s 1.27x."
   ],
   "won": 2
  },
  {
   "above_foundation": 1.37,
   "bill": 5562.0,
   "bill_diff": -1882,
   "cip": 12.0829,
   "enrchg": -13.492817912970004,
   "homes_per_pupil": 2.47,
   "line": "Easthampton pays $1,882 less on the average single-family home and spends $2,958 more on each pupil.",
   "pp": 20985.0,
   "pp_diff": 2958,
   "put": 14,
   "quadrant": "pays-less-spends-more",
   "quadrant_label": "Pays less, spends more",
   "required_pp": 10105,
   "role": "behavioural",
   "same": [
    "children 1,368 to Lunenburg’s 1,563"
   ],
   "sf_tax_per_pupil": 13762,
   "state_pp": 5158,
   "state_share": 33.79185744047402,
   "tail": "pays $1,882 less on the average single-family home and spends $2,958 more on each pupil.",
   "town": "Easthampton",
   "unexplained": true,
   "why": [
    "It has 2.5 homes for every pupil against Lunenburg’s 2.2, so more households share the cost of each child.",
    "The state covers only 34% of its foundation budget against 40% of Lunenburg’s — it gets LESS help, not more.",
    "It raises $13,762 per pupil from single-family tax against Lunenburg’s $16,288 and gets a smaller share from the state, so the extra comes from somewhere this archive cannot see.",
    "It spends 1.37x what the state says its own schools need against Lunenburg’s 1.27x."
   ],
   "won": 4
  },
  {
   "above_foundation": 1.28,
   "bill": 7433.0,
   "bill_diff": -11,
   "cip": 29.3305,
   "enrchg": 6.144229303247457,
   "homes_per_pupil": 1.55,
   "line": "West Bridgewater pays about the same on the average single-family home and spends $606 more on each pupil.",
   "pp": 18633.0,
   "pp_diff": 606,
   "put": 5,
   "quadrant": "pays-less-spends-more",
   "quadrant_label": "Pays less, spends more",
   "required_pp": 8695,
   "role": "behavioural",
   "same": [
    "children 1,357 to Lunenburg’s 1,563",
    "low-income share 24% to Lunenburg’s 23%",
    "average home $546,128 to Lunenburg’s $517,296",
    "income per head $49,804 to Lunenburg’s $47,872",
    "share with a disability 14% to Lunenburg’s 16%"
   ],
   "sf_tax_per_pupil": 11520,
   "state_pp": 5889,
   "state_share": 40.3778354350645,
   "tail": "pays about the same on the average single-family home and spends $606 more on each pupil.",
   "town": "West Bridgewater",
   "unexplained": false,
   "why": [
    "It has only 1.5 homes per pupil against Lunenburg’s 2.2, so fewer households share each child."
   ],
   "won": 1
  },
  {
   "above_foundation": 1.26,
   "bill": 7536.0,
   "bill_diff": 92,
   "cip": 10.5422,
   "enrchg": 6.89476168003775,
   "homes_per_pupil": 1.7,
   "line": "Abington pays about the same on the average single-family home and spends $1,597 more on each pupil.",
   "pp": 19624.0,
   "pp_diff": 1597,
   "put": 6,
   "quadrant": "pays-more-spends-more",
   "quadrant_label": "Pays more, spends more",
   "required_pp": 8706,
   "role": "behavioural",
   "same": [
    "average home $588,289 to Lunenburg’s $517,296",
    "income per head $44,933 to Lunenburg’s $47,872"
   ],
   "sf_tax_per_pupil": 12792,
   "state_pp": 6807,
   "state_share": 43.880495820305285,
   "tail": "pays about the same on the average single-family home and spends $1,597 more on each pupil.",
   "town": "Abington",
   "unexplained": false,
   "why": [
    "It has only 1.7 homes per pupil against Lunenburg’s 2.2, so fewer households share each child."
   ],
   "won": 3
  },
  {
   "above_foundation": 1.04,
   "bill": 5052.0,
   "bill_diff": -2392,
   "cip": 15.1475,
   "enrchg": -1.2106981692776169,
   "homes_per_pupil": 1.5,
   "line": "Gardner pays $2,392 less on the average single-family home and spends $912 more on each pupil.",
   "pp": 18939.0,
   "pp_diff": 912,
   "put": 6,
   "quadrant": "pays-less-spends-more",
   "quadrant_label": "Pays less, spends more",
   "required_pp": 5112,
   "role": "behavioural",
   "same": [],
   "sf_tax_per_pupil": 7576,
   "state_pp": 13070,
   "state_share": 71.8852140836166,
   "tail": "pays $2,392 less on the average single-family home and spends $912 more on each pupil.",
   "town": "Gardner",
   "unexplained": false,
   "why": [
    "It has only 1.5 homes per pupil against Lunenburg’s 2.2, so fewer households share each child.",
    "The state covers 72% of its foundation budget against 40% of Lunenburg’s.",
    "It spends 1.04x what the state says its own schools need against Lunenburg’s 1.27x."
   ],
   "won": 0
  }
 ]
}