Updated August 30, 2026— free cash vs override

Free cash — how much is actually spendable

Free cash is what the town may appropriate without raising taxes: the money left when the books close, mostly from budget lines that were not fully spent and revenue that came in above estimate. It is one-time money by construction — it is a variance, not an income stream.

$3,354,370
certified, 1 July 2025 — a record
6.55%
of a $51,189,961 budget · band is 5–7%
3.96%
what a normal year generates

Off by default, and off everywhere else on this site. Free cash is one-time money and the projection is built without it; this shows what spending it would defer, not a plan.

0% — spend it all5% floor8%
spread over

That releases $0

Turn it on to see what drawing the balance down would defer.

It changes the amount, not the direction

This site's argument is that cuts change the amount and only rates change the direction. Free cash is in the same category as a cut, and weaker — a cut persists year after year; free cash is spent once and gone. The gap grows by roughly $641,433 a year, so even emptying the entire reserve — drawing to 0%, which nobody proposes — defers the problem two years and leaves the town with no reserve at all.

Is this the same as an override? No — they are opposites

The same dollars, spent once versus raised permanently. An override lifts the levy limit for good and the schools keep it every year after, growing at the 2.5% cap. Free cash is spent and gone.

yeargapafter $794,872 of free cashafter the same as an override
FY28$680,870$0-$114,002
FY29$1,322,303$1,322,303$507,559
FY30$2,033,179$2,033,179$1,198,067
FY31$2,819,056$2,819,056$1,963,066
FY32$3,685,928$3,685,928$2,808,538
FY33$4,640,257$4,640,257$3,740,932
six-year total$15,181,593$14,500,723$10,104,160

Identical dollars. Over six years the override is worth $4,396,563 more, because it arrives every year and free cash arrives once.

But look at the last column, not the total. Even the override does not close the gap — it leaves $3,740,932 in FY33, and the shortfall grows every year. An override rises at 2.5%; the cost of running the schools rises faster. A permanent revenue increase loses ground more slowly than one-time money does, and still loses ground. That is the whole argument of this site in one table: only a change in the growth rates changes the direction.

And a normal year does not refill it

The 6.55% exists because one component was unusually large. Unspent appropriations in 2025 were $2,457,761 against a 2021–24 average of $986,340 — 2.49×, the biggest jump of nine comparable towns, while two of them fell. Hold everything else constant and put that one line back at its own average, and the town certifies $2,026,212, which is 3.96% — below the bottom of the band.

That is the strongest thing in this data. Not that the balance is low, but that the flow which refills it does not clear the floor in an ordinary year. You can draw down to 5% once. Holding 5% while spending requires the underspending to continue — which would mean the budgeting problem continuing.

Two claims, both true, different windows

“This year, Lunenburg certified a record $3.354 million in free cash — 6.65% of the operating budget — well within DLS recommendations. In the last 10 years, Lunenburg has been below DLS free cash recommendations for seven years, only meeting this recommendation in 2022, 2023, and 2026.”
— Town of Lunenburg, FY27 budget press release, page 6

Somebody saying the town is sitting on money is describing this year. Somebody saying it is rebuilding is describing the decade. Neither has to be wrong.

What is ours, and what is not

  • The band is single-sourced. Town of Lunenburg, FY27 budget press release, page 6, quoting DLS. This is the only source in the archive for the 5-7% band, and it is the Town quoting the state rather than the state itself. At a lower threshold this balance is above the range rather than inside it, and the count of years the town fell short moves with it.
  • The denominator is soft. The Town publishes 6.65%, implying a base of $50,441,654; the FY26 original appropriation gives 6.55% and the revised budget slightly less. We cannot reproduce the Town's base.
  • DLS dates free cash to the 1 July it is certified; the Town dates it to the fiscal year it can be spent in. They are one year apart.
  • The projection and free cash never meet in a calculation. The gap is built from budget columns; free cash is derived from actuals. They are placed side by side and subtracted, and the result is deferral, not a closed gap.
  • No breakdown exists for the $2,457,761 of unspent appropriations. It is town-wide across 67 departments. Whether it is a few departments with vacancies or a systematic over-appropriation is the one question that would settle the argument, and nobody publishes it.

What changed

Version 9 — updated August 30, 2026

Free cash against an override — the same dollars, opposite effects

v9 · current

August 30, 2026

Spending free cash and passing an override are not the same thing. The same $794,872 defers one year as free cash and is worth $4,396,563 more over six as an override — and neither closes the gap, because both grow slower than the cost of running the schools.

  • The free cash page can now apply the money to the projected gap, and it is OFF until you switch it on. Nothing anywhere else on this site changes: the projection is built without free cash, and the figure it produces is unchanged whether the switch is on or off.
  • Side by side with an override of the same size. Free cash closes FY28 and nothing after. An override lifts the levy limit permanently and the schools keep it every year, growing at the 2.5% cap. Over six years the override is worth $4,396,563 more from identical dollars.
  • And the row that matters is the last one, not the total. Even the override leaves $3,740,932 of gap in FY33 and the shortfall grows every year, because an override rises at 2.5% and the cost of the schools rises faster. Permanent money loses ground more slowly than one-time money, and still loses ground.

Free cash, and what spending it would actually buy

v8

August 30, 2026

A new page lets you draw the town’s free cash down to any level and see what it covers. Emptying the reserve entirely — which nobody proposes — defers the school budget gap two years and leaves the town with nothing.

  • The state’s certified free cash for Lunenburg and eight comparable towns, 2021 to 2025, is published with the line-by-line calculation behind it. Lunenburg certified a record $3,354,370 for this year, 6.55% of the operating budget on our figures and 6.65% on the Town’s.
  • Two claims are argued about locally — that the town is too conservative, and that free cash is not up to standard so the town is rebuilding. The Town’s own budget release contains both and both are true: a record year, and below the recommendation in seven of the last ten. They describe different windows.
  • What the data adds is that a normal year does not refill it. The record exists because unspent appropriations were $2,457,761 against a four-year average of $986,340 — 2.49 times, the largest jump of nine towns, while two of them fell. Put that one line back at its own average and the town certifies 3.96%, below the bottom of the band it is measured against.
  • And free cash cannot bend the curve. It is one-time money: a level, not a rate. Drawing down to the 5% floor releases $794,872, which covers FY28 and nothing after it. The page shows the whole ladder, including below the floor, because "what if we spent it all" is the question people actually ask.

Free cash, and what it can and cannot tell you

v7

August 30, 2026

Two claims are being made about the same number — that the town is too conservative with free cash, and that its free cash is not up to standard and is being rebuilt. The state’s own calculation for Lunenburg and eight comparable towns is now published. It does not settle the argument, and the analysis says why in its first paragraph.

  • The Division of Local Services publishes a free cash proof for every community — the year-end calculation of what a town may appropriate without raising taxes. Lunenburg’s and eight neighbours’, 2021 to 2025, are now in the archive with the line-by-line detail. They reconcile to themselves twice over, in 81 checks that all tie to the dollar.
  • The disagreement cannot be settled from them, because a standard for free cash is a ratio and these files are a numerator. There is no population, budget or revenue figure anywhere in them. Lunenburg’s balance can be set against Lunenburg’s own budget — 6.51% of a $51,531,199 general fund — but not against any neighbour’s, and the standard being invoked is in a document this project has not read: the town’s own Financial Policies Manual.
  • What the figures do show is the shape, and the shape has moved. Two thirds of Lunenburg’s 2025 free cash is money that was appropriated and never spent — $2,457,761, against $1,225,720 from revenue coming in above estimate. That share was 31% in 2023. A balance built from underspending is a different thing from one built from revenue beating forecast, and the two imply different remedies.
  • None of that means waste, and none of it is the schools: every town turns money back, and this is a town-wide figure across all 67 departments with no breakdown published. Which departments turned back the money, and whether it is the same ones each year, is the difference between a pattern and a run of one-offs.

Every public meeting, in full, and a site an assistant can actually use

v6

August 30, 2026

Two years of every town board’s agendas and minutes — 1,383 documents across 40 boards — are now published as full text rather than as an index of dates. Zoning, conservation, health, planning, cemeteries, the library, housing, the schools. It is where the town argues, and none of it appears in a budget document.

  • The text of every agenda and set of minutes is readable and downloadable. Until this build the site published only an index pointing at the town’s scanned PDFs, which meant that somebody searching this site for what the School Committee said about a contract, or what the Zoning Board decided about a property, found nothing and reasonably concluded it was not here.
  • Each board is also published as a single file — the whole School Committee in one 0.9MB document — because you cannot search a website but you can read one file. Every document inside carries its own permanent address, so anything found there can be cited to the document rather than to the bundle.
  • The site now states, on every page, what it holds and which file answers which question. That is for anybody pointing an AI assistant at it: the assistant gets the inventory, the download addresses, and the one warning that matters — that this archive holds both what the town budgeted and what it spent, and mixing them produces a confident wrong answer.
  • It also says plainly that this is not only a budget site. An assistant told otherwise will answer "this cannot help you" to a question about zoning or conservation that the archive answers completely.

Every rate now carries the year it applies to

v5

August 30, 2026

Athletic fees for FY26 were modelled at $250 a season when the district had voted $325. Not a wrong number — a right number from the wrong year, taken from a fee schedule that states its rates and never states which year they cover. Every fee figure on the site has moved.

  • A new page, Rates, fees and contracts, listing every rate this analysis knows about with the fiscal year it applies to, the document that set it and the date it was set. 62 rates; 37 of them checked against a spreadsheet cell or a direct quotation. It deliberately includes the ten rates we cannot state at all, because a fee the town charges and does not publish is a finding rather than a blank.
  • The correction came from a School Committee vote nobody had connected to the model. On 26 February 2025 the committee approved athletic fees of $325 for high school and $275 for middle school, a 25% sibling discount, reduced fees of $50 and $40, and a $1,500 family cap. A fee voted in February 2025 applies to the following school year, which is FY26. The schedule the model was using was correct — for FY24 and FY25.
  • Two figures that had been recorded as unexplained turn out to be the same error. $314.28 per high school participation is impossible under a $250 fee and unremarkable under $325; $233.60 per middle school participation is impossible under $200 and fine under $275. The model needed a 1.452x calibration constant to reconcile its own arithmetic with what the fund actually collected. That constant is now 1.132x, and the remaining gap is stated rather than absorbed.
  • The note on athletic transportation said the line was "budgeted well above what athletics has ever actually spent". That was wrong, and it is the error this project is most careful about elsewhere: those figures are the town’s net appropriation, not what athletics spent. The district’s own workbook puts FY24 athletic transportation at $117,555.00 against a $40,000 line — budgeted BELOW the cost, with the revolving fund carrying the difference.
  • Bus fees are published here for the first time, from the Superintendent’s own emails: $180 for one student, $270 for a family, with reduced and waived tiers. These are fees for getting to school, not to games. They matter to the budget because a bus fee nets down the general education transportation line — so that line can fall without any cost falling.

A ledger, and a site a machine can read

v4

August 29, 2026

Three years of the athletics revolving fund’s cashbook arrived from the Town — the first complete fiscal years of ledger data this project has held for anything touching school money. Every receipt and payment, with a date.

  • A new analysis, The athletics ledger, reading the fund’s cash for FY2024, FY2025 and FY2026. The years chain end to end against the opening balances the town itself prints. In FY2025, four general journal entries described only as an adjustment "per memo" account for $254,121.18 — 65% of everything that came into the fund that year. What they were for is not established, and the analysis says so rather than guessing.
  • Figures that had been carried as unproven are now sourced. Athletic transportation cost $117,555.00 in FY24 and $91,066.06 in FY25, and both reproduce to the cent from a workbook the Town supplied. What changed is the provenance, not the arithmetic.
  • A missing document now returns a real error instead of quietly showing the home page. Until this build, asking for a source document that was not there answered as though it were — so nothing, and nobody, could tell a document that exists from one that does not. For an archive whose promise is "here is our copy, check it yourself", that was the worst available failure.
  • Every page now sends its content as HTML rather than building it in the browser. A reader with JavaScript sees no difference. A search engine, a link preview, or somebody pointing an assistant at a page to check a figure now gets the page instead of an empty shell.

Special education, separated out and measured

v3

August 28, 2026

About a fifth of the school budget was folded in with salaries and escalated at the teachers’ contract rate. It now has its own section, and a rate measured across eight to eleven of the district’s own budgets rather than taken from a contract.

  • A section on Bend the Curve, and two findings on the front page. The district’s published cost increase for next year is 3.98%. Inside it, out-of-district tuition falls 46% in a single year — a one-time drop, not a slower rate of growth. Hold that line where FY26 had it and the same budget rises 6.23%. That is the rate to plan against.
  • A contract sets what one person is paid. It says nothing about how many people are employed — and on this line, that is where the movement is. Special education paras are on an agreement giving 2.0% a year and their budget has grown 12.78% for 10 budgets. Teachers are on one giving 3.5% and theirs has grown 2.67%. Both bargained, both wrong, in opposite directions.
  • Out-of-district tuition is no longer escalated at all. Eleven budgets run from $489,918 to $1,291,293 with no direction — the compound rate swings from -46% to +12% depending only on which year you start counting. There is no rate to measure, so the line is held flat and what it would cost to be wrong is published as a table of priced scenarios.
  • Every budget line counted as special education is now listed, with the reason each was counted, because the state has no account code for it and the total is therefore ours. Publishing that list found English Language Learner costs inside it, which are now removed.
  • The rate this line carries has changed four times in a day, and every version is on the page with the reason it was wrong. A number whose history you cannot see is one you have to take on trust.
  • And the decision to hold out-of-district tuition flat now shows its working. It was reached three separate times from sources with nothing in common — eleven budgets, five years of actual spending, and the two halves of the line measured apart — and all three say the same thing: no rate describes it.

Every figure is sourced, and every source is published

v2

August 28, 2026

Every headline figure now names the document it came from, and that document is here to download. If you checked a number before and could not see where it came from, you can now.

  • A sources page listing every document this analysis reads. Each one is downloadable, and the archive is split three ways: published by the town, the district and the state; held for reference but feeding no figure; and written by this project. The third section is the one to read skeptically.
  • Citation markers beside the figures themselves, saying for each whether it was published by somebody, set by contract, fixed by statute, or estimated by us. The estimates are marked as estimates wherever they appear.
  • The district’s budget page and the town’s finance pages mirrored in full, back to FY18, so a document nobody kept is still checkable. Most of it feeds nothing on this site and is labeled that way.
  • Machine-readable copies of the model, the sources index and the budget lines, announced at /llms.txt, so anybody checking this with a tool of their own does not have to scrape the pages.

The projection, first published

v1

August 27, 2026

The original build: the FY28 gap, the cut cascade, the levers and the override arithmetic.

  • The five-year projection from the FY27 adopted budget, the priority cascade, the fee and administration levers, and the tax-base pages.
  • Figures were stated without saying which document each came from. That is what v2 fixes.